Antibiotics

The first discovered antibiotic is penicillin. It was developed during World War II, due to the demand for effective anti-infective agent. In fact, people had realized the effects of these substances at as early as 1870s when people had observed the antagonistic phenomena between microorganisms. However, it was not until 1942 when S. A. Waksman observed these activities that people began to adopt the term of antibiotic. Although in 1928, A. Fleming had discovered the penicillin, however, people didn’t realize the importance of it due to that people hadn’t yet confirmed that this kind of natural-derived anti-microbial agents is capable of taking effect against systemic infection in humans and animals. It was not until the war pressure stimulated the research to combat infectious diseases agent, H. W. Florey and his colleagues E. B. Chain had extracted the refined products of penicillin and successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of penicillin treatment. In 1943, Waxman found a second antibiotic - streptomycin, and then proceeded to observe the antimicrobial effects of isolated bacitracin, neomycin, polymyxin, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and some other antibiotics, the importance of all antibiotics has shown up. With the success of the antibiotics in the chemical treatment, people have also further found that they also had wide applications in plant protection, animal husbandry, food preservation and other aspects.

Antibiotics generally refer to a class of substances produced during the life process of bacteria, fungi and other microbes with anti-pathogen properties. It is also important drugs for controlling the human and livestock diseases, anti-tumor as well as treatment of plant pest diseases. Antibiotic is a kind of secondary metabolites of microorganisms with small amount and low concentrations usage being able inhibit and kill another kind of microorganism. There are also some antibiotics having anti-tumor or other kinds of effect. Since the application of penicillin in medical treatment in the beginning of 1940, it had discovered and invented of several thousands of species of antibiotics, however there is no more than 100 kinds having been used in clinical application. These antibiotics are extracted from a microbial culture medium or manufactured through semi-synthesis or synthesis. Antibiotics, according to their origin and effect, are generally divided into penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and macrolide, anti-fungal and anti-tumor. There are divided to broad spectrum and narrow spectrum based on the antimicrobial spectrum range.

The antibacterial mechanism and the role of various antibiotics also vary. For example, penicillin and bacitracin can hinder the bacterial cell wall synthesis; peptide antibiotics can destroy the bacterial plasma membrane; chloramphenicol and streptomycin can interfere with the protein synthesis or nucleic acid synthesis. Some antibiotics have small spectrum; for example, penicillin is only effective against gram-positive bacteria, and thus being called narrow spectrum antibiotics. Some antibiotics have broader spectrum for example tetracycline has inhibitory effect on most bacteria and is called broad-spectrum antibiotics.

There are about 100 kinds of antibiotics that have been get applied. For example, penicillin, streptomycin, and gentamicin have been widely used for medical treatment. In agriculture kasugamycin and Jinggangmycin have been widely used in the prevention and treatment of rice germs. Blasticidin has been used for the control of rice blast; GA is used for promoting the growth of plants and so on. However, the use of antibiotics be according to the condition used and should be avoided of using indiscriminately. Some antibiotics can produce some side effects for example continuous application of streptomycin and gentamicin can cause deafness while overdose of chloramphenicol can cause leukopenia. Some people are allergic to certain antibiotics with fatal effect in serious conditions. Therefore, “skin test” is needed for some antibiotics (such as penicillin) before use.

Rational application of antibiotics is the key issue during antibiotic application. Blindly misuse of antibiotics, especially long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, will not only lead to resistant strains, and many antibiotics have side effects that can’t be ignored. They can even cause severe consequence of “secondary infection” due to the destruction of the body's normal flora. Therefore, we must strictly apply them in accordance with the prescription.

Agricultural Antibiotics: Since in 1950s when people had found that blasticidin S is effective in treating rice blast, it has developed into a fairly large class of antibiotics to date. There are a lot of antibiotics of anti-bacterial and anti-fungal for treating crop diseases such as kasugamycin (kasugamycin), Jinggangmycin (i.e. validamycin), polyoxin and actidione and so on. Some pesticides such as aphid-killing agents such as tetranactin and piercicidin have excellent control effect on some crop pest diseases. Some antibiotics can also significantly promote the growth of plants such as GA (gibberellin) and so on.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
Ertapenem Ertapenem 153832-46-3 C22H25N3O7S
Neomycin sulfate Neomycin sulfate 1405-10-3 C23H48N6O17S
Epothilone B Epothilone B 152044-54-7 C27H41NO6S
Nystatin Nystatin 1400-61-9 C47H75NO17
Aztreonam Aztreonam 78110-38-0 C13H17N5O8S2
Cefcapene pivoxil hydrochloride Cefcapene pivoxil hydrochloride 147816-24-8 C23H32ClN5O9S2
Protected Imipenem Protected Imipenem 98367-45-4 C27H27N5O10S
Cefoselis Cefoselis 122841-10-5 C19H22N8O6S2
3-(2-Bromo-1-oxopropyl)-spiro[2H-1,3-benzoxazine-2,1'-cyclohexan]-4(3H)-one 3-(2-Bromo-1-oxopropyl)-spiro[2H-1,3-benzoxazine-2,1'-cyclohexan]-4(3H)-one 158299-05-9 C16H18BrNO3
Azithromycin Azithromycin 83905-01-5 C38H72N2O12
Streptomycin sulfate Streptomycin sulfate 3810-74-0 C21H41N7O16S
Tulathromycin A Tulathromycin A 217500-96-4 C41H79N3O12
Amphotericin B Amphotericin B 1397-89-3 C47H73NO17
(Z)-2-(TERT-METHOXYCARBONYLMETHOXYIMINO)-2-(2-AMINOTHIAZOL-4-YL)ACETIC ACID (Z)-2-(TERT-METHOXYCARBONYLMETHOXYIMINO)-2-(2-AMINOTHIAZOL-4-YL)ACETIC ACID 80554-17-8 C11H15N3O5S
Cefcapene pivoxil Cefcapene pivoxil 105889-45-0 C23H29N5O8S2
Cefuzonam Cefuzonam 82219-78-1 C16H15N7O5S4
BLASTICIDIN S BLASTICIDIN S 2079-00-7 C17H26N8O5
Clarithromycin Clarithromycin 81103-11-9 C38H69NO13
Thiamphenicol Thiamphenicol 15318-45-3 C12H15Cl2NO5S
Penicillin V-D5 Penicillin V-D5 C16H18N2O5S
Calicheamicin gamma1 Calicheamicin gamma1 108212-75-5 C55H74IN3O21S4
Defluoro Levofloxacin Defluoro Levofloxacin 117620-85-6 C18H21N3O4
Sulfacetamide sodium Sulfacetamide sodium 6209-17-2 C8H13N2NaO4S
CETHROMYCIN CETHROMYCIN 205110-48-1 C42H59N3O10
(+)-Griseofulvin (+)-Griseofulvin 126-07-8 C17H17ClO6
Nimorazole Nimorazole 6506-37-2 C9H14N4O3
Cefotaxime sodium Cefotaxime sodium 64485-93-4 C16H18N5NaO7S2
Enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin
Natamycin Natamycin 7681-93-8 C33H47NO13
(6R,7R)-7-Amino-8-oxo-3-(1-propenyl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (6R,7R)-7-Amino-8-oxo-3-(1-propenyl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid 120709-09-3 C10H12N2O3S
Albaconazole Albaconazole 187949-02-6 C20H16ClF2N5O2
2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-diphenylbutane 2,3-Dimethyl-2,3-diphenylbutane 1889-67-4 C18H22
Oritavancin Diphosphate Oritavancin Diphosphate 192564-14-0 C86H103Cl3N10O34P2
Isoconazole nitrate Isoconazole nitrate 24168-96-5 C18H15Cl4N3O4
Procaine penicilline G hydrate Procaine penicilline G hydrate 6130-64-9 C29H38N4O6S
PENICILLINASE PENICILLINASE 9012-26-4
Ramoplanin Ramoplanin 76168-82-6 C106H170ClN21O30
ACS-PNZ-PYRROLIDYL-(BOC)-NSO2NH2 ACS-PNZ-PYRROLIDYL-(BOC)-NSO2NH2 491878-06-9 C20H28N4O9S2
Minocycline hydrochloride Minocycline hydrochloride 13614-98-7 C23H28ClN3O7
Tildipirosin Tildipirosin 328898-40-4 C41H71N3O8
Nitazoxanide Nitazoxanide 55981-09-4 C12H9N3O5S
Arbekacin Arbekacin 51025-85-5 C22H44N6O10
alpha,2-Dimethyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol alpha,2-Dimethyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol 3366-95-8 C7H11N3O3
Meropenem Meropenem 96036-03-2 C17H25N3O5S
Rifampicin Rifampicin 13292-46-1 C43H58N4O12
Vancomycin hydrochloride Vancomycin hydrochloride 1404-93-9 C66H76Cl3N9O24
Ampicillin sodium Ampicillin sodium 69-52-3 C16H20N3NaO4S
Unii-p9vxv1408y Unii-p9vxv1408y 866021-48-9
Azithromycin dihydrate Azithromycin dihydrate 117772-70-0 C38H74N2O13
(6R-trans)-7-amino-8-oxo-3-[[(1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)thio]methyl]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (6R-trans)-7-amino-8-oxo-3-[[(1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)thio]methyl]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid 58909-56-1 C12H13N5O5S2
AMOXICILLIN AND CLAVULANATE POTASSIUM AMOXICILLIN AND CLAVULANATE POTASSIUM
ABT-492 MegluMine ABT-492 MegluMine 352458-37-8 C25H29ClF3N5O9
Oxytetracycline hydrochloride Oxytetracycline hydrochloride 2058-46-0 C22H25ClN2O9
Nifuroxazide Nifuroxazide 965-52-6 C12H9N3O5
Spiramycin Spiramycin 8025-81-8 C43H74N2O14
Brefeldin A Brefeldin A 20350-15-6 C16H24O4
Mupirocin Mupirocin 12650-69-0 C26H44O9
Concanavalin A Concanavalin A 11028-71-0 C15H24
NETROPSIN NETROPSIN 1438-30-8 C18H26N10O3
Cephalexin Cephalexin 15686-71-2 C16H17N3O4S
4-EPITETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE 4-EPITETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE 23313-80-6 C22H25ClN2O8
Piperacillin sodium salt Piperacillin sodium salt 59703-84-3 C23H26N5NaO7S
Erythromycin Estolate Erythromycin Estolate 3521-62-8 C52H97NO18S
Sineptina Sineptina 1392-21-8 C35H59NO13
Cefuroxime sodium Cefuroxime sodium 56238-63-2 C16H15N4O8S.Na
Cloxacillin benzathine Cloxacillin benzathine 23736-58-5 C35H38ClN5O5S
7-ACT 7-ACT 131257-07-3 C12H13N5O5S2
Erythromycin ethylsuccinate Erythromycin ethylsuccinate 1264-62-6 C43H75NO16
Tylosin phosphate Tylosin phosphate 1405-53-4 C46H80NO21P
Roxithromycin Roxithromycin 80214-83-1 C41H76N2O15
2-[2-[[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino]-4-thiazolyl]-2-pentenedioic acid 5-(3-methyl-2-butenyl) ester 2-[2-[[(Phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino]-4-thiazolyl]-2-pentenedioic acid 5-(3-methyl-2-butenyl) ester 115065-79-7 C21H22N2O6S
3-FORMYL RIFAMYCIN SV 3-FORMYL RIFAMYCIN SV 13292-22-3 C38H47NO13
Ampicillin Ampicillin 69-53-4 C16H19N3O4S
3-Azetidinethiol, 1-(4,5-dihydro-2-thiazolyl)-, monohydrochloride 3-Azetidinethiol, 1-(4,5-dihydro-2-thiazolyl)-, monohydrochloride 179337-57-6 C6H11ClN2S2
PAROMOMYCIN SULFATE PAROMOMYCIN SULFATE 1263-89-4 C23H47N5O18S
VALNEMULIN HYDROCHLORIDE VALNEMULIN HYDROCHLORIDE 133868-46-9 C31H53ClN2O5S
S-2-BENZOTHIAZOLYL (Z)-2-(5-AMINO-1,2,4-THIADIAZOL-3-YL)-2-METHOXYIMINO THIOACETATE S-2-BENZOTHIAZOLYL (Z)-2-(5-AMINO-1,2,4-THIADIAZOL-3-YL)-2-METHOXYIMINO THIOACETATE 104797-47-9 C14H10N4O3S3
Clindamycin hydrochloride Clindamycin hydrochloride 21462-39-5 C18H34Cl2N2O5S
PENICILLINASE PENICILLINASE 9001-74-5
Rifalazil Rifalazil 129791-92-0 C51H64N4O13
APRAMYCIN APRAMYCIN 37321-09-8 C21H41N5O11
Cefquinome sulfate Cefquinome sulfate 118443-89-3 C23H26N6O9S3
FUMAGILLIN FUMAGILLIN 23110-15-8 C26H34O7
CITRININ CITRININ 518-75-2 C13H14O5
Demeclocycline hydrochloride Demeclocycline hydrochloride 64-73-3 C21H22Cl2N2O8
Doxycycline monohydrate Doxycycline monohydrate 17086-28-1 C22H26N2O9
ZORUBICIN HCL ZORUBICIN HCL 36508-71-1 C34H36ClN3O10
7-ACMA 7-ACMA 79349-53-4 C21H20Cl2N2O3S
Amoxicillin Amoxicillin 26787-78-0 C16H19N3O5S
PROSTAGLANDIN B2 PROSTAGLANDIN B2 13367-85-6 C20H30O4
Cefixime Cefixime 79350-37-1 C16H15N5O7S2
Teicoplanin A2 Teicoplanin A2 61036-64-4 C78H77Cl2N8O32R
ACECLIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE ACECLIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE 6109-70-2 C9H16ClNO2
Disodium phosphonomycin Disodium phosphonomycin 26016-99-9 C3H8NaO4P
PATULIN PATULIN 149-29-1 C7H6O4
Furaltadone hydrochloride Furaltadone hydrochloride 3759-92-0 C13H17ClN4O6
Doxycycline hyclate Doxycycline hyclate 24390-14-5 C24H31ClN2O9
Cefoxitin sodium Cefoxitin sodium 33564-30-6 C16H18N3NaO7S2
Ceftibuten dihydrate Ceftibuten dihydrate 118081-34-8 C15H16N4O7S2
7-Aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid 7-Aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid 26395-99-3 C8H10N2O3S
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