Antibiotics

The first discovered antibiotic is penicillin. It was developed during World War II, due to the demand for effective anti-infective agent. In fact, people had realized the effects of these substances at as early as 1870s when people had observed the antagonistic phenomena between microorganisms. However, it was not until 1942 when S. A. Waksman observed these activities that people began to adopt the term of antibiotic. Although in 1928, A. Fleming had discovered the penicillin, however, people didn’t realize the importance of it due to that people hadn’t yet confirmed that this kind of natural-derived anti-microbial agents is capable of taking effect against systemic infection in humans and animals. It was not until the war pressure stimulated the research to combat infectious diseases agent, H. W. Florey and his colleagues E. B. Chain had extracted the refined products of penicillin and successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of penicillin treatment. In 1943, Waxman found a second antibiotic - streptomycin, and then proceeded to observe the antimicrobial effects of isolated bacitracin, neomycin, polymyxin, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and some other antibiotics, the importance of all antibiotics has shown up. With the success of the antibiotics in the chemical treatment, people have also further found that they also had wide applications in plant protection, animal husbandry, food preservation and other aspects.

Antibiotics generally refer to a class of substances produced during the life process of bacteria, fungi and other microbes with anti-pathogen properties. It is also important drugs for controlling the human and livestock diseases, anti-tumor as well as treatment of plant pest diseases. Antibiotic is a kind of secondary metabolites of microorganisms with small amount and low concentrations usage being able inhibit and kill another kind of microorganism. There are also some antibiotics having anti-tumor or other kinds of effect. Since the application of penicillin in medical treatment in the beginning of 1940, it had discovered and invented of several thousands of species of antibiotics, however there is no more than 100 kinds having been used in clinical application. These antibiotics are extracted from a microbial culture medium or manufactured through semi-synthesis or synthesis. Antibiotics, according to their origin and effect, are generally divided into penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and macrolide, anti-fungal and anti-tumor. There are divided to broad spectrum and narrow spectrum based on the antimicrobial spectrum range.

The antibacterial mechanism and the role of various antibiotics also vary. For example, penicillin and bacitracin can hinder the bacterial cell wall synthesis; peptide antibiotics can destroy the bacterial plasma membrane; chloramphenicol and streptomycin can interfere with the protein synthesis or nucleic acid synthesis. Some antibiotics have small spectrum; for example, penicillin is only effective against gram-positive bacteria, and thus being called narrow spectrum antibiotics. Some antibiotics have broader spectrum for example tetracycline has inhibitory effect on most bacteria and is called broad-spectrum antibiotics.

There are about 100 kinds of antibiotics that have been get applied. For example, penicillin, streptomycin, and gentamicin have been widely used for medical treatment. In agriculture kasugamycin and Jinggangmycin have been widely used in the prevention and treatment of rice germs. Blasticidin has been used for the control of rice blast; GA is used for promoting the growth of plants and so on. However, the use of antibiotics be according to the condition used and should be avoided of using indiscriminately. Some antibiotics can produce some side effects for example continuous application of streptomycin and gentamicin can cause deafness while overdose of chloramphenicol can cause leukopenia. Some people are allergic to certain antibiotics with fatal effect in serious conditions. Therefore, “skin test” is needed for some antibiotics (such as penicillin) before use.

Rational application of antibiotics is the key issue during antibiotic application. Blindly misuse of antibiotics, especially long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, will not only lead to resistant strains, and many antibiotics have side effects that can’t be ignored. They can even cause severe consequence of “secondary infection” due to the destruction of the body's normal flora. Therefore, we must strictly apply them in accordance with the prescription.

Agricultural Antibiotics: Since in 1950s when people had found that blasticidin S is effective in treating rice blast, it has developed into a fairly large class of antibiotics to date. There are a lot of antibiotics of anti-bacterial and anti-fungal for treating crop diseases such as kasugamycin (kasugamycin), Jinggangmycin (i.e. validamycin), polyoxin and actidione and so on. Some pesticides such as aphid-killing agents such as tetranactin and piercicidin have excellent control effect on some crop pest diseases. Some antibiotics can also significantly promote the growth of plants such as GA (gibberellin) and so on.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
(R,R)-7-AMINO-3-(1-METHYLPYRROLIDINIO)METHYL-3-CEPHEM-4-CARBOXYLATE HCL (R,R)-7-AMINO-3-(1-METHYLPYRROLIDINIO)METHYL-3-CEPHEM-4-CARBOXYLATE HCL 780810-20-0 C13H19N3O3S.2ClH
Cefapirin sodium Cefapirin sodium 24356-60-3 C17H18N3NaO6S2
CIBACRON BLUE 3G-A CIBACRON BLUE 3G-A 84166-13-2 C29H20ClN7O11S3
NONACTIN NONACTIN 6833-84-7 C40H64O12
Desfuroyl Ceftiofur Desfuroyl Ceftiofur 120882-22-6 C14H15N5O5S3
Josamycin Josamycin 16846-24-5 C42H69NO15
Chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline 57-62-5 C22H23ClN2O8
METHICILLIN SODIUM (500 MG) (AS) METHICILLIN SODIUM (500 MG) (AS) 7246-14-2 C17H19N2O6S.Na.H2O
ERYTHROMYCIN LACTOBIONATE (200 MG) ERYTHROMYCIN LACTOBIONATE (200 MG) 3847-29-8 C37H67NO13.C12H22O12
Ceftezole Ceftezole 26973-24-0 C13H12N8O4S3
Sulbenicillin sodium Sulbenicillin sodium 28002-18-8 C16H16N2Na2O7S2
Sodium fusidate Sodium fusidate 751-94-0 C31H49NaO6
Tebipenem Tebipenem 161715-21-5 C16H21N3O4S2
MIDECAMYCIN MIDECAMYCIN 35457-80-8 C41H67NO15
Dicloxacillin sodium Dicloxacillin sodium 13412-64-1 C19H20Cl2N3NaO6S
N-Demethyl Rifampin N-Demethyl Rifampin 13292-45-0 C42H56N4O12
Novobiocin Novobiocin 303-81-1 C31H36N2O11
Cefoperazone Cefoperazone 62893-19-0 C25H27N9O8S2
Cefpiramide sodium Cefpiramide sodium 74849-93-7 C25H25N8NaO7S2
Cefonicid sodium Cefonicid sodium 61270-78-8 C18H19N6NaO8S3
Cefbuperazone sodium Cefbuperazone sodium 76648-01-6 C22H28N9NaO9S2
7-AMINOACTINOMYCIN D 7-AMINOACTINOMYCIN D 7240-37-1 C62H87N13O16
PUROMYCIN PUROMYCIN 53-79-2 C22H29N7O5
Ticarcillin Ticarcillin 34787-01-4 C15H16N2O6S2
BIALAPHOS BIALAPHOS 35597-43-4 C11H22N3O6P
LF163892 MONOHYDRATE LF163892 MONOHYDRATE 76470-66-1 C16H16ClN3O4
4-EPIOXYTETRACYCLINE 4-EPIOXYTETRACYCLINE 35259-39-3 C22H24N2O9
N-4-BENZYLOXYPHENYL ISOBUTYRYLACETAMIDE N-4-BENZYLOXYPHENYL ISOBUTYRYLACETAMIDE 265989-30-8 C19H21NO3
Bekanamycin Bekanamycin 4696-76-8 C18H37N5O10
Latamoxef Latamoxef 64952-97-2 C20H20N6O9S
Minocycline Minocycline 10118-90-8 C23H27N3O7
Cefmenoxime Cefmenoxime 65085-01-0 C16H17N9O5S3
meclocycline meclocycline 2013-58-3 C22H21ClN2O8
Sulopenem Sulopenem 120788-07-0 C12H15NO5S3
Amorolfine Hydrochloride Amorolfine Hydrochloride C21H35NO·HCl
Cefotetan disodium Cefotetan disodium 74356-00-6 C17H18N7NaO8S4
Flucloxacillin Flucloxacillin 5250-39-5 C19H17ClFN3O5S
Nafcillin sodium salt monohydrate Nafcillin sodium salt monohydrate 7177-50-6 C21H25N2NaO6S
Dibekacin sulfate Dibekacin sulfate 58580-55-5 C18H37N5O11S
CEFTRIAXONE CEFTRIAXONE 73384-59-5 C18H18N8O7S3
DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN SESQUISULFATE SALT DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN SESQUISULFATE SALT 1425-61-2 C21H43N7O16S
TRANS-4-HYDROXY-1-(4-NITROBENZYLOXYCARBONYL)-L-PROLINE TRANS-4-HYDROXY-1-(4-NITROBENZYLOXYCARBONYL)-L-PROLINE 96034-57-0 C13H14N2O7
CEFMINOX SODIUM CEFMINOX SODIUM 92636-39-0 C16H24N7NaO8S3
Fosfomycin tromethamine Fosfomycin tromethamine 78964-85-9 C7H18NO7P
Cephalothin sodium Cephalothin sodium 58-71-9 C16H16N2O6S2.Na
POLYOXIN A POLYOXIN A 19396-03-3 C23H32N6O14
L-CYCLOSERINE L-CYCLOSERINE 339-72-0 C3H6N2O2
NOVOBIOCIN SODIUM SALT NOVOBIOCIN SODIUM SALT 1476-53-5 C31H37N2NaO11
RIFAMPIN QUINONE (50 MG) RIFAMPIN QUINONE (50 MG) 13983-13-6 C43H56N4O12
Cefpodoxime Cefpodoxime 80210-62-4 C15H17N5O6S2
RIFAMYCIN SODIUM RIFAMYCIN SODIUM
Dihydrostreptomycin Dihydrostreptomycin 128-46-1 C21H41N7O12
Clavulanic acid Clavulanic acid 58001-44-8 C8H9NO5
Cefpimizole sodium Cefpimizole sodium 85287-61-2 C28H25N6NaO10S2
PENICILLIN V USP(CRM STANDARD) PENICILLIN V USP(CRM STANDARD)
PHENOXYMETHYLPENICILLIN POTASSIUM IMP. E (EP): PHENOXYMETHYLPENICILLOIC ACID MM(CRM STANDARD) PHENOXYMETHYLPENICILLIN POTASSIUM IMP. E (EP): PHENOXYMETHYLPENICILLOIC ACID MM(CRM STANDARD)
Ceftazidime sodium Ceftazidime sodium 73547-61-2 C22H23N6NaO7S2
TYROTHRICIN TYROTHRICIN 1404-88-2 C6H13NO5
Cefazedone Cefazedone 56187-47-4 C18H15Cl2N5O5S3
Fosfomycin Fosfomycin 23155-02-4 C3H7O4P
Midecamycin Acetate Midecamycin Acetate 55881-07-7 C45H71NO17
Calcium oxytetracycline Calcium oxytetracycline 7179-50-2 C22H26CaN2O9
terramycin hy drochloride,oxytetracycline hydrochl terramycin hy drochloride,oxytetracycline hydrochl
Penicillin G benzathine buffered Penicillin G benzathine buffered
2-(-amino-4-thiazole)-2-(terbutoxy isopropoxyimine) thiobenzothiazole ester 2-(-amino-4-thiazole)-2-(terbutoxy isopropoxyimine) thiobenzothiazole ester
Penicillin G Procaine/Sodium 3:1 Penicillin G Procaine/Sodium 3:1
Clindmycin phosphate hydrochloride Clindmycin phosphate hydrochloride
PENICILLIN STREPTOMYCIN PENICILLIN STREPTOMYCIN "GAMMA" IRRADIATED TISSUE CULTURE GRADE
BENZYLPENICILLIN POTASSIUM IMP.E (EP):PENICILLOIC ACIDS OF BENZYLPENICILLIN MM(CRM STANDARD) BENZYLPENICILLIN POTASSIUM IMP.E (EP):PENICILLOIC ACIDS OF BENZYLPENICILLIN MM(CRM STANDARD)
water-soluble azithromycin 70% water-soluble azithromycin 70%
Rifametane Rifametane 94168-98-6 C44H60N4O12
ALBOMYCIN ALBOMYCIN 1414-39-7 C36H55FeN10O18S
ACETYL-DL-PENICILLAMINE, N-(RG) ACETYL-DL-PENICILLAMINE, N-(RG)
cefsulodin sodium cefsulodin sodium 41444-66-0 C22H21N4NaO8S2
R 761 R 761 57184-22-2 C45H63N3O12
(6R,7R)-7-[[(2Z)-2-(2-AMino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethoxy)iMino]acetyl]aMino]-3-ethenyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic Acid (6R,7R)-7-[[(2Z)-2-(2-AMino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethoxy)iMino]acetyl]aMino]-3-ethenyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic Acid 79368-95-9 C18H19N5O7S2
2-[[(Z)-[1-(2-aMino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[[[(2R,5RS)-5-Methyl-7-oxo-1,2,5,7-tetrahydro-4H-furo[3,4-d][1,3]thiazin-2-yl]Methyl]aMino]-2-oxoethylidene]aMino]oxy]acetic Acid 2-[[(Z)-[1-(2-aMino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[[[(2R,5RS)-5-Methyl-7-oxo-1,2,5,7-tetrahydro-4H-furo[3,4-d][1,3]thiazin-2-yl]Methyl]aMino]-2-oxoethylidene]aMino]oxy]acetic Acid 1335475-19-8 C15H17N5O6S2
Cefsulodin Cefsulodin 62587-73-9 C22H20N4O8S2
GRAMICIDIN GRAMICIDIN 1393-88-0
CEFTRIAXONE IMPURITY A CEFTRIAXONE IMPURITY A
6-EPIDOXYCYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE 6-EPIDOXYCYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE
RIFAMPICIN QUINONE RIFAMPICIN QUINONE C43H56N4O12
NEOMYCIN B NEOMYCIN B 119-04-0 C23H46N6O13
pheneticillin pheneticillin 147-55-7 C17H20N2O5S
cefaloglycin cefaloglycin 3577-01-3 C18H19N3O6S
Doxycycline calcium Doxycycline calcium 94088-85-4 C22H26CaN2O8
Penicillin G Sodium salt Penicillin G Sodium salt
Thienamycin Thienamycin 59995-64-1 C11H16N2O4S
AMPICILLIN (ANHYDROUS) EPA(CRM STANDARD) AMPICILLIN (ANHYDROUS) EPA(CRM STANDARD)
CYCLACILLIN USP(CRM STANDARD) CYCLACILLIN USP(CRM STANDARD)
Cephradine monohydrate Cephradine monohydrate 75975-70-1 C16H21N3O5S
FURBENCILLIN SODIUM FURBENCILLIN SODIUM
Tetracyline Examination Agar Tetracyline Examination Agar
ENROFLOXACIN SOLUBLE POWDER ENROFLOXACIN SOLUBLE POWDER
Fosfomycin calcium Fosfomycin calcium 26472-47-9 C3H5O4P.Ca
Cefonicid Disodium Salt Cefonicid Disodium Salt 190181-58-9 C18H19N6NaO8S3
Cephradine hydrate Cephradine hydrate 31828-50-9 C16H23N3O6S
Penicillin&StreptoMycin solution,γ-Irradiated Penicillin&StreptoMycin solution,γ-Irradiated
Cefpimizole Cefpimizole 84880-03-5 C28H26N6O10S2
PIVAMPICILLIN PIVAMPICILLIN 33817-20-8 C22H29N3O6S
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