Antibiotics

The first discovered antibiotic is penicillin. It was developed during World War II, due to the demand for effective anti-infective agent. In fact, people had realized the effects of these substances at as early as 1870s when people had observed the antagonistic phenomena between microorganisms. However, it was not until 1942 when S. A. Waksman observed these activities that people began to adopt the term of antibiotic. Although in 1928, A. Fleming had discovered the penicillin, however, people didn’t realize the importance of it due to that people hadn’t yet confirmed that this kind of natural-derived anti-microbial agents is capable of taking effect against systemic infection in humans and animals. It was not until the war pressure stimulated the research to combat infectious diseases agent, H. W. Florey and his colleagues E. B. Chain had extracted the refined products of penicillin and successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of penicillin treatment. In 1943, Waxman found a second antibiotic - streptomycin, and then proceeded to observe the antimicrobial effects of isolated bacitracin, neomycin, polymyxin, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and some other antibiotics, the importance of all antibiotics has shown up. With the success of the antibiotics in the chemical treatment, people have also further found that they also had wide applications in plant protection, animal husbandry, food preservation and other aspects.

Antibiotics generally refer to a class of substances produced during the life process of bacteria, fungi and other microbes with anti-pathogen properties. It is also important drugs for controlling the human and livestock diseases, anti-tumor as well as treatment of plant pest diseases. Antibiotic is a kind of secondary metabolites of microorganisms with small amount and low concentrations usage being able inhibit and kill another kind of microorganism. There are also some antibiotics having anti-tumor or other kinds of effect. Since the application of penicillin in medical treatment in the beginning of 1940, it had discovered and invented of several thousands of species of antibiotics, however there is no more than 100 kinds having been used in clinical application. These antibiotics are extracted from a microbial culture medium or manufactured through semi-synthesis or synthesis. Antibiotics, according to their origin and effect, are generally divided into penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and macrolide, anti-fungal and anti-tumor. There are divided to broad spectrum and narrow spectrum based on the antimicrobial spectrum range.

The antibacterial mechanism and the role of various antibiotics also vary. For example, penicillin and bacitracin can hinder the bacterial cell wall synthesis; peptide antibiotics can destroy the bacterial plasma membrane; chloramphenicol and streptomycin can interfere with the protein synthesis or nucleic acid synthesis. Some antibiotics have small spectrum; for example, penicillin is only effective against gram-positive bacteria, and thus being called narrow spectrum antibiotics. Some antibiotics have broader spectrum for example tetracycline has inhibitory effect on most bacteria and is called broad-spectrum antibiotics.

There are about 100 kinds of antibiotics that have been get applied. For example, penicillin, streptomycin, and gentamicin have been widely used for medical treatment. In agriculture kasugamycin and Jinggangmycin have been widely used in the prevention and treatment of rice germs. Blasticidin has been used for the control of rice blast; GA is used for promoting the growth of plants and so on. However, the use of antibiotics be according to the condition used and should be avoided of using indiscriminately. Some antibiotics can produce some side effects for example continuous application of streptomycin and gentamicin can cause deafness while overdose of chloramphenicol can cause leukopenia. Some people are allergic to certain antibiotics with fatal effect in serious conditions. Therefore, “skin test” is needed for some antibiotics (such as penicillin) before use.

Rational application of antibiotics is the key issue during antibiotic application. Blindly misuse of antibiotics, especially long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, will not only lead to resistant strains, and many antibiotics have side effects that can’t be ignored. They can even cause severe consequence of “secondary infection” due to the destruction of the body's normal flora. Therefore, we must strictly apply them in accordance with the prescription.

Agricultural Antibiotics: Since in 1950s when people had found that blasticidin S is effective in treating rice blast, it has developed into a fairly large class of antibiotics to date. There are a lot of antibiotics of anti-bacterial and anti-fungal for treating crop diseases such as kasugamycin (kasugamycin), Jinggangmycin (i.e. validamycin), polyoxin and actidione and so on. Some pesticides such as aphid-killing agents such as tetranactin and piercicidin have excellent control effect on some crop pest diseases. Some antibiotics can also significantly promote the growth of plants such as GA (gibberellin) and so on.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
Cefotiam hydrochloride Cefotiam hydrochloride 66309-69-1 C18H23N9O4S3.HCl
Oxytetracycline Oxytetracycline 79-57-2 C22H24N2O9
CYTOCHALASIN B CYTOCHALASIN B 14930-96-2 C29H37NO5
CLINDAMYCIN 3,4-ISOPROPYLIDENE CLINDAMYCIN 3,4-ISOPROPYLIDENE C21H37ClN2O5S
Tetracycline Tetracycline 60-54-8 C22H24N2O8
ANISOMYCIN ANISOMYCIN 22862-76-6 C14H19NO4
CARUMONAM CARUMONAM 87638-04-8 C12H14N6O10S2
CEFOTAXIME CEFOTAXIME C16H17N5O7S2
Penicillin G potassium salt Penicillin G potassium salt 113-98-4 C16H17KN2O4S
OLIGOMYCIN A OLIGOMYCIN A 579-13-5 C45H74O11
POLYOXIN B POLYOXIN B 19396-06-6 C17H25N5O13
Carbenicillin disodium Carbenicillin disodium 4800-94-6 C17H19N2NaO6S
Cefditoren pivoxil Cefditoren pivoxil 117467-28-4 C25H28N6O7S3
Cefazolin sodium salt Cefazolin sodium salt 27164-46-1 C14H15N8NaO4S3
Cefdinir Cefdinir 91832-40-5 C14H13N5O5S2
Faropenem sodium Faropenem sodium 122547-49-3 C12H14NO5S.Na
Lincomycin hydrochloride Lincomycin hydrochloride 859-18-7 C18H35ClN2O6S
FOSTRIECIN SODIUM SALT FOSTRIECIN SODIUM SALT 87860-39-7 C19H28NaO9P
Ceftizoxime sodium Ceftizoxime sodium 68401-82-1 C13H14N5NaO5S2
Rifapentine hydrochloride Rifapentine hydrochloride 127923-87-9 C47H65ClN4O12
Cefuroxime Cefuroxime 55268-75-2 C16H16N4O8S
Cefmenoxime hydrochloride Cefmenoxime hydrochloride 75738-58-8 C16H18ClN9O5S3
AMIKACIN AMIKACIN 37517-28-5 C22H43N5O13
Spectinomycin Spectinomycin 1695-77-8 C14H24N2O7
CHLORPROMAZINE CHLORPROMAZINE C17H19ClN2S
Sultamicillin Sultamicillin 76497-13-7 C25H30N4O9S2
Fusidine Fusidine 6990-06-3 C31H48O6
Doxycycline Doxycycline 564-25-0 C22H24N2O8
Cefepime hydrochloride Cefepime hydrochloride 123171-59-5 C19H28Cl2N6O6S2
Sodium cloxacillin monohydrate Sodium cloxacillin monohydrate 7081-44-9 C19H19ClN3NaO6S
Furaltadone Furaltadone 139-91-3 C13H16N4O6
7-AMCA 7-AMCA 24701-69-7 C9H12N2O4S
Bacitracin zinc Bacitracin zinc 1405-89-6 C66H101N17O16SZn
Norfloxacin hydrochloride Norfloxacin hydrochloride 104142-93-0 C16H18FN3O3.HCl
ENDURACIDIN HYDROCHLORIDE ENDURACIDIN HYDROCHLORIDE 11115-82-5 C106H135Cl2N26O31R
Bacitracin Bacitracin 1405-87-4 C66H102N17O16S
4-EPI-ANHYDROTETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE 4-EPI-ANHYDROTETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE 4465-65-0 C22H23ClN2O7
Penicillin G sodium salt Penicillin G sodium salt 69-57-8 C16H17N2NaO4S
Cefmetazole Cefmetazole 56796-20-4 C15H17N7O5S3
TEBIPENEM PIVOXIL TEBIPENEM PIVOXIL 161715-24-8 C22H31N3O6S2
Trimethoprim lactate salt Trimethoprim lactate salt 23256-42-0 C17H24N4O6
Cefpirome sulfate Cefpirome sulfate 98753-19-6 C22H24N6O9S3
Mezlocillin Mezlocillin 51481-65-3 C21H25N5O8S2
METHACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE METHACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE 3963-45-9 C19H24O2
Cefaclor Cefaclor 53994-73-3 C15H14ClN3O4S
ALPHA-APO-OXYTETRACYCLINE ALPHA-APO-OXYTETRACYCLINE 18751-99-0 C22H22N2O8
Cefoxitin Cefoxitin 35607-66-0 C16H17N3O7S2
LEPTOMYCIN B FROM STREPTOMYCES SP LEPTOMYCIN B FROM STREPTOMYCES SP 87081-35-4 C33H48O6
LK-PENICILLIN IN PENICILLIN G THE DERIVATIVES LK-PENICILLIN IN PENICILLIN G THE DERIVATIVES 30034-13-0 C24H26N2O6S
ALPHA-SOLANINE ALPHA-SOLANINE 20562-02-1 C45H73NO15
CONCANAMYCIN A CONCANAMYCIN A 80890-47-7 C46H75NO14
Chlortetracycline hydrochloride Chlortetracycline hydrochloride 64-72-2 C22H24Cl2N2O8
Sisomicin Sisomicin 32385-11-8 C19H37N5O7
Ceftiolene Ceftiolene 77360-52-2 C20H18N8O8S3
Latamoxef sodium Latamoxef sodium 64953-12-4 C20H21N6NaO9S
Mezlocillin sodium Mezlocillin sodium 59798-30-0 C22H27N6NaO9S2
Clindamycin Clindamycin 18323-44-9 C18H33ClN2O5S
FLURITHROMYCIN FLURITHROMYCIN 82664-20-8 C37H66FNO13
4-Epioxytetracycline 4-Epioxytetracycline 14206-58-7 C22H24N2O9
Capastat sulfate Capastat sulfate 1405-37-4 C24H44N14O12S
Cefprozil Cefprozil 92665-29-7 C18H19N3O5S
Cephalonium Cephalonium 5575-21-3 C20H18N4O5S2
Faropenem daloxate Faropenem daloxate 141702-36-5 C17H19NO8S
Cefpodoxime proxetil Cefpodoxime proxetil 87239-81-4 C21H27N5O9S2
Cefpiramide acid Cefpiramide acid 70797-11-4 C25H24N8O7S2
Cefteram pivoxil Cefteram pivoxil 82547-58-8 C16H17N9O5S2
Kasugamycin hydrochloride Kasugamycin hydrochloride 19408-46-9 C14H25N3O9.ClH
3,6-DIAMINOACRIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE 3,6-DIAMINOACRIDINE HYDROCHLORIDE 952-23-8 C13H12ClN3
7-Amino-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid diphenylmethyl ester 7-Amino-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid diphenylmethyl ester 36923-21-4 C20H18N2O3S
Hydroxymethyl-7-Aminocephalosporanic acid Hydroxymethyl-7-Aminocephalosporanic acid 15690-38-7 C8H10N2O4S
3-Pyrrolidinol, 1-(3-fluorophenyl)-, 3-(4-methylbenzenesulfonate), (3R)- 3-Pyrrolidinol, 1-(3-fluorophenyl)-, 3-(4-methylbenzenesulfonate), (3R)- 873945-29-0 C17H18FNO3S
ANSAMITOCIN P-3 ANSAMITOCIN P-3 66547-09-9 C32H43ClN2O9
OXACILLIN SODIUM OXACILLIN SODIUM 1173-88-2 C19H18N3NaO5S
Cefodizime Cefodizime 69739-16-8 C20H20N6O7S4
OLIGOMYCIN B OLIGOMYCIN B 11050-94-5 C45H72O12
Rifapentine Rifapentine 61379-65-5 C47H64N4O12
Gibberellin A7 Gibberellin A7 510-75-8 C19H22O5
Cefotaxime Cefotaxime 63527-52-6 C16H17N5O7S2
Azlocillin Azlocillin 37091-66-0 C20H23N5O6S
Tobramycin sulfate Tobramycin sulfate 79645-27-5 C18H39N5O13S
APHIDICOLIN APHIDICOLIN 38966-21-1 C20H34O4
Dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin 3116-76-5 C19H17Cl2N3O5S
EC 3.5.1.11 EC 3.5.1.11 9014-06-6
Rifamycin Sodium Rifamycin Sodium 14897-39-3 C37H48NNaO12
LEPTOMYCIN A LEPTOMYCIN A 87081-36-5 C32H46O6
Cefepime sulfate Cefepime sulfate 107648-78-2 C19H25N6O5S2.HO4S
Netilmicin sulfate Netilmicin sulfate 56391-57-2 C42H92N10O34S5
Zeocin Zeocin 181494-14-4
APALCILLIN APALCILLIN 63469-19-2 C25H23N5O6S
Mecillinam Mecillinam 32887-01-7 C15H23N3O3S
Validamycin Validamycin 37248-47-8 C20H35NO13
ANTIMYCIN A ANTIMYCIN A 1397-94-0 C28H40N2O9
CeftazidiMe CeftazidiMe 72558-82-8 C22H22N6O7S2
Ceftibuten Ceftibuten 97519-39-6 C15H14N4O6S2
Gentamicin Gentamicin 1403-66-3 C60H123N15O21
Picoxystrobin Picoxystrobin 117428-22-5 C18H16F3NO4
Cefotiam Cefotiam 61622-34-2 C18H23N9O4S3
Cefetamet pivoxil hydrochloride Cefetamet pivoxil hydrochloride 111696-23-2 C20H26ClN5O7S2
Isepamicin sulfate Isepamicin sulfate 67814-76-0 C22H45N5O16S
Tazobactam acid Tazobactam acid 89786-04-9 C10H12N4O5S
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