Antibiotics

The first discovered antibiotic is penicillin. It was developed during World War II, due to the demand for effective anti-infective agent. In fact, people had realized the effects of these substances at as early as 1870s when people had observed the antagonistic phenomena between microorganisms. However, it was not until 1942 when S. A. Waksman observed these activities that people began to adopt the term of antibiotic. Although in 1928, A. Fleming had discovered the penicillin, however, people didn’t realize the importance of it due to that people hadn’t yet confirmed that this kind of natural-derived anti-microbial agents is capable of taking effect against systemic infection in humans and animals. It was not until the war pressure stimulated the research to combat infectious diseases agent, H. W. Florey and his colleagues E. B. Chain had extracted the refined products of penicillin and successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of penicillin treatment. In 1943, Waxman found a second antibiotic - streptomycin, and then proceeded to observe the antimicrobial effects of isolated bacitracin, neomycin, polymyxin, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and some other antibiotics, the importance of all antibiotics has shown up. With the success of the antibiotics in the chemical treatment, people have also further found that they also had wide applications in plant protection, animal husbandry, food preservation and other aspects.

Antibiotics generally refer to a class of substances produced during the life process of bacteria, fungi and other microbes with anti-pathogen properties. It is also important drugs for controlling the human and livestock diseases, anti-tumor as well as treatment of plant pest diseases. Antibiotic is a kind of secondary metabolites of microorganisms with small amount and low concentrations usage being able inhibit and kill another kind of microorganism. There are also some antibiotics having anti-tumor or other kinds of effect. Since the application of penicillin in medical treatment in the beginning of 1940, it had discovered and invented of several thousands of species of antibiotics, however there is no more than 100 kinds having been used in clinical application. These antibiotics are extracted from a microbial culture medium or manufactured through semi-synthesis or synthesis. Antibiotics, according to their origin and effect, are generally divided into penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and macrolide, anti-fungal and anti-tumor. There are divided to broad spectrum and narrow spectrum based on the antimicrobial spectrum range.

The antibacterial mechanism and the role of various antibiotics also vary. For example, penicillin and bacitracin can hinder the bacterial cell wall synthesis; peptide antibiotics can destroy the bacterial plasma membrane; chloramphenicol and streptomycin can interfere with the protein synthesis or nucleic acid synthesis. Some antibiotics have small spectrum; for example, penicillin is only effective against gram-positive bacteria, and thus being called narrow spectrum antibiotics. Some antibiotics have broader spectrum for example tetracycline has inhibitory effect on most bacteria and is called broad-spectrum antibiotics.

There are about 100 kinds of antibiotics that have been get applied. For example, penicillin, streptomycin, and gentamicin have been widely used for medical treatment. In agriculture kasugamycin and Jinggangmycin have been widely used in the prevention and treatment of rice germs. Blasticidin has been used for the control of rice blast; GA is used for promoting the growth of plants and so on. However, the use of antibiotics be according to the condition used and should be avoided of using indiscriminately. Some antibiotics can produce some side effects for example continuous application of streptomycin and gentamicin can cause deafness while overdose of chloramphenicol can cause leukopenia. Some people are allergic to certain antibiotics with fatal effect in serious conditions. Therefore, “skin test” is needed for some antibiotics (such as penicillin) before use.

Rational application of antibiotics is the key issue during antibiotic application. Blindly misuse of antibiotics, especially long-term use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, will not only lead to resistant strains, and many antibiotics have side effects that can’t be ignored. They can even cause severe consequence of “secondary infection” due to the destruction of the body's normal flora. Therefore, we must strictly apply them in accordance with the prescription.

Agricultural Antibiotics: Since in 1950s when people had found that blasticidin S is effective in treating rice blast, it has developed into a fairly large class of antibiotics to date. There are a lot of antibiotics of anti-bacterial and anti-fungal for treating crop diseases such as kasugamycin (kasugamycin), Jinggangmycin (i.e. validamycin), polyoxin and actidione and so on. Some pesticides such as aphid-killing agents such as tetranactin and piercicidin have excellent control effect on some crop pest diseases. Some antibiotics can also significantly promote the growth of plants such as GA (gibberellin) and so on.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
Cefoperazone sodium Cefoperazone sodium 62893-20-3 C25H28N9NaO8S2
PUROMYCIN AMINONUCLEOSIDE PUROMYCIN AMINONUCLEOSIDE 58-60-6 C12H18N6O3
Kitasamycin tartrate Kitasamycin tartrate 37280-56-1 C40H67NO18
CERULENIN CERULENIN 17397-89-6 C12H17NO3
Sisomycin Sulfate Sisomycin Sulfate 53179-09-2 C19H39N5O11S
KANAMYCIN SULFATE KANAMYCIN SULFATE 70560-51-9 C18H38N4O15S
Apramycin sulfate Apramycin sulfate 41194-16-5 C21H43N5O15S
Imipenem Imipenem 64221-86-9 C12H17N3O4S
CEFATRIZINE PROPYLENE GLYCOL CEFATRIZINE PROPYLENE GLYCOL 64217-62-5 C21H26N6O7S2
Sulbactam pivoxil Sulbactam pivoxil 69388-79-0 C14H21NO7S
Cefpirome Cefpirome 84957-29-9 C22H22N6O5S2
Erythromycin stearate Erythromycin stearate 643-22-1 C55H103NO15
Potassium clavulanate Potassium clavulanate 61177-45-5 C8H10KNO5
Cefatrizine Cefatrizine 51627-14-6 C18H18N6O5S2
Penicillin V Benzathine Penicillin V Benzathine 63690-57-3 C16H20N2.2C16H18N2O5S
lymecycline lymecycline 992-21-2 C29H38N4O10
3-MERCAPTO-2-METHYL-5-OXO-6-HYDROXY-1,2,4-TRIAZINE 3-MERCAPTO-2-METHYL-5-OXO-6-HYDROXY-1,2,4-TRIAZINE C4H5N3O2S
Cefradine Cefradine 38821-53-3 C16H19N3O4S
Sulbactam sodium Sulbactam sodium 69388-84-7 C8H12NNaO5S
Flucloxacillin sodium Flucloxacillin sodium 1847-24-1 C19H18ClFN3NaO5S
HUMAN MENOPAUSAL GONADOTROPHIN HUMAN MENOPAUSAL GONADOTROPHIN 61489-71-2 C9H18O
Cefuroxime 1-acetoxyethyl ester Cefuroxime 1-acetoxyethyl ester 64544-07-6 C20H22N4O10S
Ceftezole sodium Ceftezole sodium 41136-22-5 C13H13N8NaO4S3
CHLOMETHOCILLIN CHLOMETHOCILLIN 1926-49-4 C17H18Cl2N2O5S
STERIGMATOCYSTIN STERIGMATOCYSTIN 10048-13-2 C18H12O6
Penicillin V potassium salt Penicillin V potassium salt 132-98-9 C16H17KN2O5S
Ceftizoxime Ceftizoxime 68401-81-0 C13H13N5O5S2
Panipenem Panipenem 87726-17-8 C15H21N3O4S
Ceftizoxime alapivoxil Ceftizoxime alapivoxil 135821-54-4 C22H28N6O8S2
Nigericin sodium salt Nigericin sodium salt 28643-80-3 C40H69NaO11
Ceftriaxone sodium Ceftriaxone sodium 74578-69-1 C18H19N8NaO7S3
Azlocillin sodium Azlocillin sodium 37091-65-9 C20H22N5NaO6S
LINCOMYCIN HYDROCHLORIDE LINCOMYCIN HYDROCHLORIDE 17017-22-0 C18H34N2O6S
sodium (6R,7R)-7-[[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyimino-acetyl]amino]-3-[(E)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid sodium (6R,7R)-7-[[(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyimino-acetyl]amino]-3-[(E)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl]-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid 104146-53-4 C19H19N6NaO5S3
LENAMPICILLIN LENAMPICILLIN 86273-18-9 C21H23N3O7S
Metacycline hydrochloride Metacycline hydrochloride 3963-95-9 C22H23ClN2O8
(Z)-2-(5-AMINO-1,2,4-THIADIAZOL-3-YL)-2-METHOXYIMINO ACETIC ACID (Z)-2-(5-AMINO-1,2,4-THIADIAZOL-3-YL)-2-METHOXYIMINO ACETIC ACID 68786-47-0 C43H33N3O3S
Tazobactam sodium Tazobactam sodium 89785-84-2 C10H12N4NaO5S
Ceftazidime Ceftazidime 78439-06-2 C22H24N6O8S2
THIOLUTIN THIOLUTIN 87-11-6 C8H8N2O2S2
Streptomycin Streptomycin 57-92-1 C21H39N7O12
4-EPICHLORTETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE 4-EPICHLORTETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE 101342-45-4 C22H23ClN2O8.ClH
Clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride Clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride 25507-04-4 C34H64Cl2N2O6S
SPECTINOMYCIN DIHYDROCHLORIDE SPECTINOMYCIN DIHYDROCHLORIDE 21736-83-4 C14H25ClN2O7
Sodium cefamandole Sodium cefamandole 30034-03-8 C18H17N6NaO5S2
Cefozopran hydrochloride Cefozopran hydrochloride 113981-44-5 C19H18ClN9O5S2
Pipemidic acid trihydrate Pipemidic acid trihydrate 72571-82-5 C14H17N5O3.3H2O
Ertapenem Disodium Ertapenem Disodium 153832-38-3 C22H26N3NaO7S
CEPHALEXIN MONOHYDRATE CEPHALEXIN MONOHYDRATE 23325-78-2 C16H19N3O5S
RADICICOL RADICICOL 12772-57-5 C18H17ClO6
Ribostamycin sulfate Ribostamycin sulfate 53797-35-6 C17H36N4O14S
Cefadroxil Cefadroxil 66592-87-8 C16H17N3O5S.H2O
3ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE 3ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE 9028-56-2
Vancomycin Vancomycin 1404-90-6 C66H75Cl2N9O24
Cefminox Cefminox 75481-73-1 C16H21N7O7S3
Tilmicosin phosphate Tilmicosin phosphate
Piperacillin Piperacillin 61477-96-1 C23H27N5O7S
TROXIPIDE TROXIPIDE 99777-81-8 C15H22N2O4
OLEANDOMYCIN PHOSPHATE OLEANDOMYCIN PHOSPHATE 7060-74-4 C35H64NO16P
OXACILLIN OXACILLIN 66-79-5 C19H19N3O5S
CARBENICILLIN CARBENICILLIN 4697-36-3 C17H18N2O6S
Cefetamet hydrochloride Cefetamet hydrochloride 65052-63-3 C14H15N5O5S2
Flomoxef Flomoxef 99665-00-6 C15H18F2N6O7S2
Acetylspiramycin Acetylspiramycin 24916-51-6 C45H76N2O15
Benzathine benzylpenicillin Benzathine benzylpenicillin 1538-09-6 C48H56N6O8S2
Cefetamet pivoxyl Cefetamet pivoxyl 65243-33-6 C20H25N5O7S2
Tylosin tartrate Tylosin tartrate 1405-54-5 C46H77NO17
Tobramycin sulfate Tobramycin sulfate 49842-07-1 C18H39N5O13S
Procaine penicillin G Procaine penicillin G 54-35-3 C29H38N4O6S
4-HYDROXYTAMOXIFEN 4-HYDROXYTAMOXIFEN 68047-06-3 C26H29NO2
HERBIMYCIN A HERBIMYCIN A 70563-58-5 C30H42N2O9
MAGNAMYCIN A PENICILLIN G MAGNAMYCIN A PENICILLIN G
Ertapenem sodium Ertapenem sodium 153773-82-1 C22H26N3NaO7S
SCE 2174 SCE 2174 95789-30-3 C27H38ClN9O7S3
BORRELIDIN BORRELIDIN 7184-60-3 C28H43NO6
CYCLOSPORINE CYCLOSPORINE 79217-60-0 C62H111N11O12
Cefotetan Cefotetan 69712-56-7 C17H17N7O8S4
RIBOSTAMYCIN SULFATE SALT RIBOSTAMYCIN SULFATE SALT 25546-65-0 C17H34N4O10
Penicillin G Penicillin G 61-33-6 C16H18N2O4S
(6R,7R) (6R,7R) 155723-02-7 C13H13N3O3S2
DOXYCYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE DOXYCYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE 100929-47-3 C22H25ClN2O8
LORACARBEF (200 MG) LORACARBEF (200 MG) 121961-22-6 C16H16ClN3O4.H2O
Cefepime Cefepime 88040-23-7 C19H24N6O5S2
[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl] hydrogen (4-hydroxyphenyl)malonate [(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl] hydrogen (4-hydroxyphenyl)malonate 78641-40-4 C17H16O6
Cefacetrile sodium Cefacetrile sodium 23239-41-0 C13H12N3NaO6S
OXYTETRACYCLINE HCL BP98 OXYTETRACYCLINE HCL BP98
Cefmetazole sodium Cefmetazole sodium 56796-39-5 C15H18N7NaO5S3
(3S,4R)-3-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-4-[(1R)-1-methyl-3-diazo-3-(p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl)-2-oxopropyl]azetidin-2-one (3S,4R)-3-[(1R)-1-Hydroxyethyl]-4-[(1R)-1-methyl-3-diazo-3-(p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl)-2-oxopropyl]azetidin-2-one 137391-68-5 C17H18N4O7
Ritipenem Ritipenem 84845-57-8 C10H12N2O6S
CefodiziMe acid CefodiziMe acid
Dianemycin 1-sodium salt Dianemycin 1-sodium salt 65101-87-3 C47H77NaO14
Isepamicine Isepamicine 58152-03-7 C22H43N5O12
Cefazolin Cefazolin 25953-19-9 C14H14N8O4S3
PENICILLIN-STREPTOMYCIN-NEOMYCIN PENICILLIN-STREPTOMYCIN-NEOMYCIN C61H105N15O30S
Amoxicillin sodium Amoxicillin sodium 34642-77-8 C16H20N3NaO5S
RK-397 RK-397 154396-73-3 C35H56O10
Lincomycin Lincomycin 154-21-2 C18H34N2O6S
4-EPIANHYDROCHLORTETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE, CAN BE USED AS SECONDARY STANDARD 4-EPIANHYDROCHLORTETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE, CAN BE USED AS SECONDARY STANDARD 158018-53-2 C22H21ClN2O7.ClH
Ravuconazole Ravuconazole 170864-29-6 C22H17F2N5OS
(5R,6S)-3-[(Diphenoxyphosphinyl)oxy]-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (4-nitrophenyl)methyl ester (5R,6S)-3-[(Diphenoxyphosphinyl)oxy]-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-7-oxo-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid (4-nitrophenyl)methyl ester 75321-08-3 C28H25N2O10P
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