Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry is the subject for the method and basic principle of studying and identifying of the composition, status, structure of matter as well as determination of related content. It is an important branch of chemistry subject. Analytical chemistry plays an important role in not only its own development but also in various fields related to the chemistry. We can say that all the practice of any human activity involving chemical phenomena is inseparable from analytical chemistry. Now, people have developed various kinds of different analytical methods, which can be classified based on an analysis task, analysis object, the basis of the analysis, requirement of the analysis and sample dosage.

According to the analysis tasks, it can be divided into qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis and structural analysis. Task of qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, radicals, functional groups or compounds that constituting the substances; the task of the quantitative analysis is to determine the content of the related components in the sample; the task of structural analysis is to study the molecular structure or crystal structure of the material.

(1) According to the analysis objects, it can be divided into organic and inorganic analysis; the object for the inorganic analysis is inorganic substance; the object of organic analysis is organic substance. In the inorganic analysis, it is generally required to determine what elements, ions, radicals or compounds that constitutes the sample and measure the percentage of each component; and sometimes it is also necessary for determination of the crystal structure; in the organic analysis, it not only requires the identification of the constituent elements, but also, more importantly, should do the structure analysis and functional group analysis.
(2) According to whether the analysis is based on the physical properties or chemical properties of the substance, it can be divided into instrumental analysis and chemical analysis. Depending on the specific requirements, it can be divided into routine analysis, rapid analysis and arbitration Analysis. Routine analysis refers to the general daily laboratory production analysis, also known as conventional analysis; rapid analysis is a kind of routine analysis and is mainly applied to the control of the production process, demanding the report of the results in the shortest possible time with the error generally being allowed to be greater; arbitration analysis is needed when there is controversy in the analysis results from different institute, demanding related department to conduct accurate analysis using specific method in order to determine the accuracy of the results of the original analysis.
(3) According to the amount of the sample, it can be generally divided into constant (> 0.1g), semi-micro (0.01 ~ 0.1g) and trace (1 ~ 10mg) analysis.
(4) In the inorganic qualitative chemical analysis, people generally apply semi-micro method while people generally apply constant analysis in the quantitative chemical analysis. According to the relative amounts of the analyzed components contained in the sample, it is also roughly divided into constant component analysis (> 1%), minor component analysis (0.01 to 1%) and trace components analysis (<0.01%). For the analysis of some trace amount of components contained in some kinds of complicated mixture and some substances, it is necessary to perform separation and enrichment. This produces a series of separation techniques, such as extraction, distillation, ion exchange, chromatography, sedimentation and flotation separation, these chemical separation techniques are an integral part of the analysis.

Environmental Analytical Chemistry
Environmental Analytical Chemistry is briefly referred to environmental analysis. It is a kind of subject to study the types, components of pollutants in the environment as well as how to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on the chemical contaminants in the environment. It is a branch of environmental chemistry.

Environmental analytical chemistry emerged, developed and improved during the process of solving environmental problems. In 1950s, the public nuisance disease occurred in Japan had alerted the whole world. In order to find the cause of public nuisance disease, after experiencing as long as 11 years, later, the chemists of environmental analysis had applied light spectrum and identified that the river in Itai-itai disease area contained harmful elements such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and so on. Further by means of tracking element analysis of the soil and food in the disease area, people had found high lead and cadmium content. Later, people had further conducted spectral quantitative analysis on the body and bone of the patients in the disease area and found that the bone ashes contained alarmingly high content of zinc, lead and cadmium. To determine the causative agent, people further incorporated zinc, lead and cadmium into the food for feeding animals and conduct trace elemental analysis for animals and confirmed the serious harm of cadmium on the bone, revealing the cause of the Itai-itai disease. The development of modern science, especially the development of modern chemistry, physics, mathematics, electronics, biology, as well as the emergence of accurate, reliable, sensitive, selective, rapid, simple environmental pollution analysis technology and automation equipment, has been resulting in the maturation of environmental analytical chemistry. Environmental analytical chemistry now has penetrated into all areas of the entire environmental science subject. It is the most effective means of access to environmental information quality.
The objects of the environmental analytical chemistry research are quite complicated, including air, water, soil, sediment, minerals, waste, animals, plants, food, and human tissue. The content of chemical elements or compound to be determined in the environmental analytic chemistry is very low, with the absolute content being within the level of 10-6 to 10-12 grams.


The analysis technology in the environmental analytical chemistry is developing towards the direction of continuous automation, computerization and joint combination of various methods and instruments. Currently applied automatic analysis methods include colorimetric analysis, ion selective electrode, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, polarography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and flow injection analysis. Laser, as the light source of analytical chemistry technique, has also been applied. Since the laser analysis has properties of high resolution, high sensitivity, long-range and short-term, the laser technology will play a pivotal role in the development of environmental analytical chemistry.

With the deepened development of environmental science, environmental analytical chemistry is often demanded for trace levels and ultra-trace-level detection and analysis, therefore, high sensitivity. Thus study of analysis methods of high sensitivity, good selectivity, rapid trace and ultra trace will become the major development direction for environmental analysis in the near future.

Qualitative Analysis of Chemistry
Qualitative analytic chemistry is the subject to identify the chemical elements and atoms groups contained in the sample. It is a branch subject of the analysis chemistry. Its purpose is to ascertain the chemical composition of the research object (specimen).
The major research content of the qualitative analytic chemistry includes:

1 the tested samples were analyzed separately. Namely take part of the sample and use exclusive reaction to detect a desire detection component.
2 systematic analysis of the samples. This means successively apply a few selective reactions for gradual separation of the ions followed by separation of each group until separating to only one substance and finally apply confirming reaction to ascertain the existence of this substance. The most famous cation system analysis method is H2S system. In recent years, due to the use of advanced equipment, qualitative analysis has also rapidly developed together with multivariate analysis and has also become an important direction for analytical chemistry.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
Decahydronaphthalene Decahydronaphthalene 91-17-8 C10H18
α-Ketoglutaric acid disodium salt α-Ketoglutaric acid disodium salt 305-72-6 C5H6O5.2Na
L-1-Phenylethylamine L-1-Phenylethylamine 2627-86-3 C8H11N
1,1-Dichloroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 75-34-3 C2H4Cl2
NIOBIUM NIOBIUM 7440-03-1 Nb
AMMONIUM CERIUM(IV) SULFATE AMMONIUM CERIUM(IV) SULFATE 7637-03-8 CeH5NO4S
Triamcinolone diacetate Triamcinolone diacetate 67-78-7 C25H31FO8
1-ETHYL-7-CHLORO-6-FLUORO-1,4-DIHYDRO-4-OXOQUINOLINE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID 1-ETHYL-7-CHLORO-6-FLUORO-1,4-DIHYDRO-4-OXOQUINOLINE-3-CARBOXYLIC ACID 68077-26-9 C12H9ClFNO3
Sulcotrione Sulcotrione 99105-77-8 C14H13ClO5S
1-Aminohydantoin hydrochloride 1-Aminohydantoin hydrochloride 2827-56-7 C3H6ClN3O2
2,4-Dibromophenol 2,4-Dibromophenol 615-58-7 C6H4Br2O
2-AMINO-3-CHLORO-1,4-NAPHTHOQUINONE 2-AMINO-3-CHLORO-1,4-NAPHTHOQUINONE 2797-51-5 C10H6ClNO2
3-Amino-1,2,4-Triazole 3-Amino-1,2,4-Triazole 61-82-5 C2H4N4
2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol 619-08-9 C6H4ClNO3
1,4-bis-2(5-phenyloxazoyl)benzene 1,4-bis-2(5-phenyloxazoyl)benzene 1806-34-4 C24H16N2O2
Tiamulin Tiamulin 55297-95-5 C28H47NO4S
PHOSPHATE STANDARD PHOSPHATE STANDARD 14265-44-2 O4P-3
Potassium phthalate (2:1) Potassium phthalate (2:1) 29801-94-3 C8H5KO4
Triclocarban Triclocarban 101-20-2 C13H9Cl3N2O
2-Chloroadenine 2-Chloroadenine 1839-18-5 C5H4ClN5
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID 100403-24-5 Null
DIMETHYL POPOP DIMETHYL POPOP 3073-87-8 C26H20N2O2
Iminodibenzyl Iminodibenzyl 494-19-9 C14H13N
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine dihydrochloride 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine dihydrochloride 612-83-9 C12H11Cl3N2
BUTYL OLEATE BUTYL OLEATE 142-77-8 C22H42O2
Nitroxinil Nitroxinil 1689-89-0 C7H3IN2O3
2,4,6-TRIBROMOANISOLE 2,4,6-TRIBROMOANISOLE 607-99-8 C7H5Br3O
(S)-1,2,4-Butanetriol (S)-1,2,4-Butanetriol 42890-76-6 C4H10O3
(R)-(+)-alpha-Methoxy-alpha-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid (R)-(+)-alpha-Methoxy-alpha-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid 20445-31-2 C10H9F3O3
Mirtazapine Mirtazapine 61337-67-5 C17H19N3
PROXYPHYLLINE PROXYPHYLLINE 603-00-9 C10H14N4O3
RETIGABINE RETIGABINE 150812-12-7 C16H18FN3O2
Ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid Ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid 67-42-5 C14H24N2O10
ZINC ZINC 52374-36-4 Zn
CHROMOTROPE 2B CHROMOTROPE 2B 548-80-1 C16H12N3NaO10S2
2-Benzothiazolamine 2-Benzothiazolamine 136-95-8 C7H6N2S
2-Ethylhexyl salicylate 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate 118-60-5 C15H22O3
Arachidonic acid Arachidonic acid 506-32-1 C20H32O2
Dibenzosuberone Dibenzosuberone 1210-35-1 C15H12O
Mebhydrolin napadisylate Mebhydrolin napadisylate 6153-33-9 C48H48N4O6S2
Propyzamide Propyzamide 23950-58-5 C12H11Cl2NO
Tryptamine Tryptamine 61-54-1 C10H12N2
Mehtyl 6-[3-(1-adamanty)-4-methoxy phenyl]-2-naphthoate Mehtyl 6-[3-(1-adamanty)-4-methoxy phenyl]-2-naphthoate 106685-41-0 C29H30O3
1,3-Dimethylamylamine 1,3-Dimethylamylamine 105-41-9 C7H17N
L(+)-Tartaric acid L(+)-Tartaric acid 87-69-4 C4H6O6
Ammonium 1-pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate Ammonium 1-pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate 5108-96-3 C5H9NS2.H3N
2,3-Dimethylaniline 2,3-Dimethylaniline 87-59-2 C8H11N
Cilastatin sodium Cilastatin sodium 81129-83-1 C16H25N2O5S.Na
1-(4-NITROPHENYLAZO)-2-NAPHTHOL 1-(4-NITROPHENYLAZO)-2-NAPHTHOL 6410-10-2 C16H11N3O3
Androstenedione Androstenedione 63-05-8 C19H26O2
Clorsulon Clorsulon 60200-06-8 C8H8Cl3N3O4S2
Fenofibric acid Fenofibric acid 42017-89-0 C17H15ClO4
N-Ethylcyclohexylamine N-Ethylcyclohexylamine 5459-93-8 C8H17N
5-Chloro-2-mercaptobenzothiazole 5-Chloro-2-mercaptobenzothiazole 5331-91-9 C7H4ClNS2
Narcotine Narcotine 128-62-1 C22H23NO7
Creatinine Creatinine 60-27-5 C4H7N3O
SIBUTRAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE MONOHYDRATE SIBUTRAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE MONOHYDRATE 125494-59-9 C17H29Cl2NO
4-NONYLPHENOL 4-NONYLPHENOL 104-40-5 C15H24O
N-Methyl Desloratadine N-Methyl Desloratadine 38092-89-6 C20H21ClN2
Potassium chloroplatinate Potassium chloroplatinate 16921-30-5 Cl6KPt-
Fluorescamine Fluorescamine 38183-12-9 C17H10O4
Benzofuran Benzofuran 271-89-6 C8H6O
2-Methyltetrahydrofuran 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran 96-47-9 C5H10O
Phthaloyl amlodipine Phthaloyl amlodipine 88150-62-3 C28H27ClN2O7
Sodium levothyroxine Sodium levothyroxine 25416-65-3 C15H10I4NNaO4
Methyl-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride Methyl-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride 25134-21-8 C10H10O3
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID 9007-49-2 C15H31N3O13P2
(S)-(-)-alpha-Methoxy-alpha-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid (S)-(-)-alpha-Methoxy-alpha-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid 17257-71-5 C10H9F3O3
Stanolone Stanolone 521-18-6 C19H30O2
4-Chloro-2-iodobenzoic acid 4-Chloro-2-iodobenzoic acid 13421-13-1 C7H4ClIO2
CHLOROPHOSPHONAZO III CHLOROPHOSPHONAZO III 1914-99-4 C22H16Cl2N4O14P2S2
DME DME 110-71-4 C4H10O2
PETROLEUM ETHER PETROLEUM ETHER 8032-32-4 unspecified
GRANISETRON IMPURITY B GRANISETRON IMPURITY B 76272-56-5 C9H18N2
Etilefrine hydrochloride Etilefrine hydrochloride 943-17-9 C10H16ClNO2
Methyl 2,3-dibromopropionate Methyl 2,3-dibromopropionate 1729-67-5 C4H6Br2O2
4-Aminoacetophenone 4-Aminoacetophenone 99-92-3 C8H9NO
4-ACETAMIDO-TEMPO 4-ACETAMIDO-TEMPO 14691-89-5 C11H21N2O2*
D(+)-Malic acid D(+)-Malic acid 636-61-3 C4H6O5
TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM HYDROGENSULFATE TETRAMETHYLAMMONIUM HYDROGENSULFATE 80526-82-5 C4H13NO4S
TPTZ TPTZ 3682-35-7 C18H12N6
Dinoprost tromethamine Dinoprost tromethamine 38562-01-5 C24H45NO8
PHENTERMINE HYDROCHLORIDE PHENTERMINE HYDROCHLORIDE 1197-21-3 C10H16ClN
EPA EPA 10417-94-4 C20H30O2
2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene 2,4-Dinitrofluorobenzene 70-34-8 C6H3FN2O4
TETRAPHENYLPHOSPHONIUM TETRAPHENYLBORATE TETRAPHENYLPHOSPHONIUM TETRAPHENYLBORATE 15525-15-2 C48H40BP
Disodium 2,2'-dihydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,5'-disulfobenzophenone Disodium 2,2'-dihydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxy-5,5'-disulfobenzophenone 76656-36-5 C15H12Na2O11S2
2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride 298-96-4 C19H15ClN4
PALM OIL PALM OIL 8002-75-3
Metalaxyl-M Metalaxyl-M 70630-17-0 C15H21NO4
Mesterolone Mesterolone 1424-00-6 C20H32O2
Vardenafil dihydrochloride Vardenafil dihydrochloride 224789-15-5 C23H33ClN6O4S
Testosterone decanoate Testosterone decanoate 5721-91-5 C29H46O3
Testosterone isocaproate Testosterone isocaproate 15262-86-9 C25H38O3
4-Chlorobiphenyl 4-Chlorobiphenyl 2051-62-9 C12H9Cl
cis-11-Eicosenoic acid cis-11-Eicosenoic acid 5561-99-9 C20H38O2
4-Amino-TEMPO, free radical 4-Amino-TEMPO, free radical 14691-88-4 C9H19N2O*
Hydroxysafflor yellow A Hydroxysafflor yellow A 78281-02-4 C27H32O16
Androsterone Androsterone 53-41-8 C19H30O2
4-Chloro-2-methylaniline 4-Chloro-2-methylaniline 95-69-2 C7H8ClN
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