Analytical Chemistry

Analytical chemistry is the subject for the method and basic principle of studying and identifying of the composition, status, structure of matter as well as determination of related content. It is an important branch of chemistry subject. Analytical chemistry plays an important role in not only its own development but also in various fields related to the chemistry. We can say that all the practice of any human activity involving chemical phenomena is inseparable from analytical chemistry. Now, people have developed various kinds of different analytical methods, which can be classified based on an analysis task, analysis object, the basis of the analysis, requirement of the analysis and sample dosage.

According to the analysis tasks, it can be divided into qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis and structural analysis. Task of qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, radicals, functional groups or compounds that constituting the substances; the task of the quantitative analysis is to determine the content of the related components in the sample; the task of structural analysis is to study the molecular structure or crystal structure of the material.

(1) According to the analysis objects, it can be divided into organic and inorganic analysis; the object for the inorganic analysis is inorganic substance; the object of organic analysis is organic substance. In the inorganic analysis, it is generally required to determine what elements, ions, radicals or compounds that constitutes the sample and measure the percentage of each component; and sometimes it is also necessary for determination of the crystal structure; in the organic analysis, it not only requires the identification of the constituent elements, but also, more importantly, should do the structure analysis and functional group analysis.
(2) According to whether the analysis is based on the physical properties or chemical properties of the substance, it can be divided into instrumental analysis and chemical analysis. Depending on the specific requirements, it can be divided into routine analysis, rapid analysis and arbitration Analysis. Routine analysis refers to the general daily laboratory production analysis, also known as conventional analysis; rapid analysis is a kind of routine analysis and is mainly applied to the control of the production process, demanding the report of the results in the shortest possible time with the error generally being allowed to be greater; arbitration analysis is needed when there is controversy in the analysis results from different institute, demanding related department to conduct accurate analysis using specific method in order to determine the accuracy of the results of the original analysis.
(3) According to the amount of the sample, it can be generally divided into constant (> 0.1g), semi-micro (0.01 ~ 0.1g) and trace (1 ~ 10mg) analysis.
(4) In the inorganic qualitative chemical analysis, people generally apply semi-micro method while people generally apply constant analysis in the quantitative chemical analysis. According to the relative amounts of the analyzed components contained in the sample, it is also roughly divided into constant component analysis (> 1%), minor component analysis (0.01 to 1%) and trace components analysis (<0.01%). For the analysis of some trace amount of components contained in some kinds of complicated mixture and some substances, it is necessary to perform separation and enrichment. This produces a series of separation techniques, such as extraction, distillation, ion exchange, chromatography, sedimentation and flotation separation, these chemical separation techniques are an integral part of the analysis.

Environmental Analytical Chemistry
Environmental Analytical Chemistry is briefly referred to environmental analysis. It is a kind of subject to study the types, components of pollutants in the environment as well as how to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis on the chemical contaminants in the environment. It is a branch of environmental chemistry.

Environmental analytical chemistry emerged, developed and improved during the process of solving environmental problems. In 1950s, the public nuisance disease occurred in Japan had alerted the whole world. In order to find the cause of public nuisance disease, after experiencing as long as 11 years, later, the chemists of environmental analysis had applied light spectrum and identified that the river in Itai-itai disease area contained harmful elements such as lead, cadmium, arsenic and so on. Further by means of tracking element analysis of the soil and food in the disease area, people had found high lead and cadmium content. Later, people had further conducted spectral quantitative analysis on the body and bone of the patients in the disease area and found that the bone ashes contained alarmingly high content of zinc, lead and cadmium. To determine the causative agent, people further incorporated zinc, lead and cadmium into the food for feeding animals and conduct trace elemental analysis for animals and confirmed the serious harm of cadmium on the bone, revealing the cause of the Itai-itai disease. The development of modern science, especially the development of modern chemistry, physics, mathematics, electronics, biology, as well as the emergence of accurate, reliable, sensitive, selective, rapid, simple environmental pollution analysis technology and automation equipment, has been resulting in the maturation of environmental analytical chemistry. Environmental analytical chemistry now has penetrated into all areas of the entire environmental science subject. It is the most effective means of access to environmental information quality.
The objects of the environmental analytical chemistry research are quite complicated, including air, water, soil, sediment, minerals, waste, animals, plants, food, and human tissue. The content of chemical elements or compound to be determined in the environmental analytic chemistry is very low, with the absolute content being within the level of 10-6 to 10-12 grams.


The analysis technology in the environmental analytical chemistry is developing towards the direction of continuous automation, computerization and joint combination of various methods and instruments. Currently applied automatic analysis methods include colorimetric analysis, ion selective electrode, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, polarography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and flow injection analysis. Laser, as the light source of analytical chemistry technique, has also been applied. Since the laser analysis has properties of high resolution, high sensitivity, long-range and short-term, the laser technology will play a pivotal role in the development of environmental analytical chemistry.

With the deepened development of environmental science, environmental analytical chemistry is often demanded for trace levels and ultra-trace-level detection and analysis, therefore, high sensitivity. Thus study of analysis methods of high sensitivity, good selectivity, rapid trace and ultra trace will become the major development direction for environmental analysis in the near future.

Qualitative Analysis of Chemistry
Qualitative analytic chemistry is the subject to identify the chemical elements and atoms groups contained in the sample. It is a branch subject of the analysis chemistry. Its purpose is to ascertain the chemical composition of the research object (specimen).
The major research content of the qualitative analytic chemistry includes:

1 the tested samples were analyzed separately. Namely take part of the sample and use exclusive reaction to detect a desire detection component.
2 systematic analysis of the samples. This means successively apply a few selective reactions for gradual separation of the ions followed by separation of each group until separating to only one substance and finally apply confirming reaction to ascertain the existence of this substance. The most famous cation system analysis method is H2S system. In recent years, due to the use of advanced equipment, qualitative analysis has also rapidly developed together with multivariate analysis and has also become an important direction for analytical chemistry.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
POTASSIUM TETRABORATE TETRAHYDRATE POTASSIUM TETRABORATE TETRAHYDRATE 12045-78-2 B4H8K2O11
1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone 80-73-9 C5H10N2O
6-CHLORO-1,3-BENZOXAZOL-2(3H)-ONE 6-CHLORO-1,3-BENZOXAZOL-2(3H)-ONE 19932-84-4 C7H4ClNO2
N-(Isoxazol-5-yl)sulphanilamide N-(Isoxazol-5-yl)sulphanilamide 7758-79-4 C9H9N3O3S
MEDROXYPROGESTERONE MEDROXYPROGESTERONE 520-85-4 C22H32O3
Isoxepac Isoxepac 55453-87-7 C16H12O4
1,3-Dihydro-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2H-indole-2-one 1,3-Dihydro-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2H-indole-2-one 139122-19-3 C10H11NO2
3-Ethoxy-4-ethoxycarbonyl phenylacetic acid 3-Ethoxy-4-ethoxycarbonyl phenylacetic acid 99469-99-5 C13H16O5
FERROCENEACETIC ACID FERROCENEACETIC ACID 1287-16-7 C12H12FeO2
1,3,3-Trimethyl-2-methyleneindoline 1,3,3-Trimethyl-2-methyleneindoline 118-12-7 C12H15N
2,5-Diphenyloxazole 2,5-Diphenyloxazole 92-71-7 C15H11NO
2-Isopropylthioxanthone 2-Isopropylthioxanthone 5495-84-1 C16H14OS
Ciclesonide Ciclesonide 126544-47-6 C32H44O7
FORMATE ION CHROMATOGRAPHY STANDARD FORMATE ION CHROMATOGRAPHY STANDARD 24203-36-9 CH2O2
alpha-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol alpha-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol 24155-42-8 C11H10Cl2N2O
N-Heptafluorobutyrylimidazole N-Heptafluorobutyrylimidazole 32477-35-3 C7H3F7N2O
Docosahexaenoic Acid Docosahexaenoic Acid 6217-54-5 C22H32O2
Ketamine hydrochloride Ketamine hydrochloride 1867-66-9 C13H16ClNO.ClH
Chloroauric acid Chloroauric acid 16903-35-8 AuCl4H
2-ACETAMIDO-5-NITROTHIAZOLE 2-ACETAMIDO-5-NITROTHIAZOLE 140-40-9 C5H5N3O3S
2-Octyl-1-dodecanol 2-Octyl-1-dodecanol 5333-42-6 C20H42O
Pamoic acid Pamoic acid 130-85-8 C23H16O6
2,3-Dichlorotoluene 2,3-Dichlorotoluene 32768-54-0 C7H6Cl2
RONIDAZOLE RONIDAZOLE 7681-76-7 C6H8N4O4
m-Toluidine m-Toluidine 108-44-1 C7H9N
Linseed oil Linseed oil 8001-26-1
N-Methyl pyrrole N-Methyl pyrrole 96-54-8 C5H7N
trans-4-Isopropylcyclohexane carboxylic acid trans-4-Isopropylcyclohexane carboxylic acid 7077-05-6 C10H18O2
A23187 A23187 52665-69-7 C29H37N3O6
N-desalkylflurazepam N-desalkylflurazepam 2886-65-9 C15H10ClFN2O
(S)-(-)-1-(1-Naphthyl)ethylamine (S)-(-)-1-(1-Naphthyl)ethylamine 10420-89-0 C12H13N
N-Carbethoxy-4-piperidone N-Carbethoxy-4-piperidone 29976-53-2 C8H13NO3
Naphazoline nitrate Naphazoline nitrate 5144-52-5 C14H15N3O3
(R,R)-2,3-Butanediol (R,R)-2,3-Butanediol 24347-58-8 C4H10O2
Rafoxanide Rafoxanide 22662-39-1 C19H11Cl2I2NO3
HEMATOXYLIN HEMATOXYLIN 1412-19-7 C16H14O6
2'H-Androst-2-eno[3,2-c]pyrazol-5'(1'H)-one, 17-hydroxy-17-(methyl-d3)-, (5α,17β)- (9CI) 2'H-Androst-2-eno[3,2-c]pyrazol-5'(1'H)-one, 17-hydroxy-17-(methyl-d3)-, (5α,17β)- (9CI) 170082-17-4 C21H32N2O2
DL-10-CAMPHORSULFONIC ACID DL-10-CAMPHORSULFONIC ACID 5872-08-2 C10H16O4S
2-Butyl-3-(3,5-Diiodo-4-hydroxy benzoyl) benzofuran 2-Butyl-3-(3,5-Diiodo-4-hydroxy benzoyl) benzofuran 1951-26-4 C19H16I2O3
(1R,2S)-rel-2-(Aminomethyl)-N,N-diethyl-1-phenylcyclopropanecarboxamide hydrochloride (1R,2S)-rel-2-(Aminomethyl)-N,N-diethyl-1-phenylcyclopropanecarboxamide hydrochloride 101152-94-7 C15H23ClN2O
Pleuromulin Pleuromulin 125-65-5 C22H34O5
2-Pyrrolidinone 2-Pyrrolidinone 616-45-5 C4H7NO
L(-)-2-Octanol L(-)-2-Octanol 5978-70-1 C8H18O
OUABAIN OCTAHYDRATE OUABAIN OCTAHYDRATE 11018-89-6 C29H60O20
1-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)indolin-2-one 1-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)indolin-2-one 15362-40-0 C14H9Cl2NO
Fosphenytoin sodium Fosphenytoin sodium 92134-98-0 C16H16N2NaO6P
Oxipurinol Oxipurinol 2465-59-0 C5H4N4O2
STREPTAVIDIN STREPTAVIDIN 9013-20-1 C14H17BrClNO2S
(S)-(+)-5-OXOTETRAHYDROFURAN-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID (S)-(+)-5-OXOTETRAHYDROFURAN-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID 21461-84-7 C5H6O4
4-Methylaminophenol sulfate 4-Methylaminophenol sulfate 55-55-0 C7H11NO5S
Pentachloroaniline Pentachloroaniline 527-20-8 C6H2Cl5N
1,4-BIS(2-METHYLSTYRYL)BENZENE 1,4-BIS(2-METHYLSTYRYL)BENZENE 13280-61-0 C24H22
Pyrene Pyrene 129-00-0 C16H10
Pentamidine isethionate Pentamidine isethionate 140-64-7 C23H36N4O10S2
Closantel sodium Closantel sodium 61438-64-0 C22H15Cl2I2N2NaO2
Ufiprazole Ufiprazole 73590-85-9 C17H19N3O2S
Benzidine Benzidine 92-87-5 C12H12N2
Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Monohydrate Sodium Phosphate Monobasic Monohydrate 10049-21-5 H4NaO5P
SAQUINAVIR MESYLATE SAQUINAVIR MESYLATE 149845-06-7 C39H54N6O8S
Tiagabine hydrochloride Tiagabine hydrochloride 145821-59-6 C20H26ClNO2S2
4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan 10199-89-0 C6H2ClN3O3
Methyl 2,4-dichlorophenylacetate Methyl 2,4-dichlorophenylacetate 55954-23-9 C9H8Cl2O2
GENITE GENITE 97-16-5 C12H8Cl2O3S
Norandrostenedione Norandrostenedione 734-32-7 C18H24O2
(S)-(-)-1-Phenylethyl isocyanate (S)-(-)-1-Phenylethyl isocyanate 14649-03-7 C9H9NO
TRANS-1,2-DIAMINOCYCLOHEXANE-N,N,N',N'-TETRAACETIC ACID MONOHYDRATE TRANS-1,2-DIAMINOCYCLOHEXANE-N,N,N',N'-TETRAACETIC ACID MONOHYDRATE 125572-95-4 C14H24N2O9
Fluorescein diacetate Fluorescein diacetate 596-09-8 C24H16O7
2-(Aminomethyl)-1-ethylpyrrolidine 2-(Aminomethyl)-1-ethylpyrrolidine 26116-12-1 C7H16N2
4-Oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxy 4-Oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinooxy 2896-70-0 C9H16NO2*
4,4'-DIAMINO-3,3'-DIMETHYLDIPHENYLMETHANE 4,4'-DIAMINO-3,3'-DIMETHYLDIPHENYLMETHANE 838-88-0 C15H18N2
Closantel Closantel 57808-65-8 C22H14Cl2I2N2O2
4-(2-PYRIDYLAZO)RESORCINOL MONOSODIUM SALT HYDRATE 4-(2-PYRIDYLAZO)RESORCINOL MONOSODIUM SALT HYDRATE 16593-81-0 C11H12N3NaO3
AFLATOXIN B1 AFLATOXIN B1 1162-65-8 C17H12O6
HEPES HEPES 7365-45-9 C8H18N2O4S
Pramoxine hydrochloride Pramoxine hydrochloride 637-58-1 C17H28ClNO3
5-(4-DIMETHYLAMINOBENZYLIDENE)RHODANINE 5-(4-DIMETHYLAMINOBENZYLIDENE)RHODANINE 536-17-4 C12H12N2OS2
TRIDODECYLAMINE TRIDODECYLAMINE 102-87-4 C36H75N
4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinooxy 4-Hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinooxy 2226-96-2 C9H18NO2*
Water Water 7732-18-5 H2O
2-Methylbutane 2-Methylbutane 78-78-4 C5H12
Articaine hydrochloride Articaine hydrochloride 23964-57-0 C13H20N2O3S.ClH
7-Chloro-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 7-Chloro-1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid 86393-33-1 C13H9ClFNO3
5-Hydroxytryptamine 5-Hydroxytryptamine 50-67-9 C10H12N2O
Flutrimazole Flutrimazole 119006-77-8 C22H16F2N2
Hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin 13422-51-0 C62H90ClCoN13O15P
Chloramine-T trihydrate Chloramine-T trihydrate 7080-50-4 C7H11ClNNaO3S
Pachymic acid Pachymic acid 29070-92-6 C33H52O5
2-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)ethylamine hydrochloride 2-(2-Methoxyphenoxy)ethylamine hydrochloride 64464-07-9 C9H14ClNO2
2-Methoxy-5-methylaniline 2-Methoxy-5-methylaniline 120-71-8 C8H11NO
Pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione Pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione 1162-56-7 C21H28O2
Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride Cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride 6202-23-9 C20H22ClN
2-Aminobenzimidazole 2-Aminobenzimidazole 934-32-7 C7H7N3
Mefloquine hydrochloride Mefloquine hydrochloride 51773-92-3 C17H17ClF6N2O
Semicarbazide Semicarbazide 57-56-7 CH5N3O
CYCLOSPORIN D CYCLOSPORIN D 63775-96-2 C63H113N11O12
1-(4-Chlorobenzhydryl)piperazine 1-(4-Chlorobenzhydryl)piperazine 303-26-4 C17H19ClN2
Sultamicillin tosilate Sultamicillin tosilate 83105-70-8 C32H38N4O12S3
5-Nitro-2-furaldehyde diacetate 5-Nitro-2-furaldehyde diacetate 92-55-7 C9H9NO7
N-BOC-IMIDAZOLE N-BOC-IMIDAZOLE 49761-82-2 C8H12N2O2
2-Methoxyethoxymethyl chloride 2-Methoxyethoxymethyl chloride 3970-21-6 C4H9ClO2
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