2-Methylbutane

2-Methylbutane Chemical Properties
Melting point -160 °C
Boiling point 30 °C(lit.)
density 0.62 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor density 2.6 (vs air)
vapor pressure 11.17 psi ( 20 °C)
refractive index n20/D 1.354(lit.)
Fp −51 °C
storage temp. 2-8°C
solubility 0.048g/l
form Liquid
pka>14 (Schwarzenbach et al., 1993)
color Clear colorless
Odorgasoline-like odor
Odor Threshold1.3ppm
explosive limit1.3-7.6%(V)
Water Solubility Miscible with water, hydrocarbons, oils, alcohol and ether.
λmaxλ: 192 nm Amax: 1.00
λ: 210 nm Amax: 0.30
λ: 220 nm Amax: 0.07
λ: 240-400 nm Amax: 0.01
BRN 1730723
Henry's Law Constant(atm?m3/mol): 1.24 at 25 °C (approximate - calculated from water solubility and vapor pressure)
Exposure limitsACGIH TLV: TWA 600 ppm (adopted).
Stability:Stable. Extremely flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Vapour-air mixtures explosive in certain proportions. Incompatible with rubber, various plastics. The vapour, being heavier than air, may roll over surfaces and collect in low points. Note low flash point.
LogP3.4 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference78-78-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry ReferenceButane, 2-methyl-(78-78-4)
EPA Substance Registry System2-Methylbutane (78-78-4)
Safety Information
Hazard Codes F+,Xn,N
Risk Statements 12-51/53-65-66-67
Safety Statements 9-16-29-33-61-62
RIDADR UN 1265 3/PG 1
WGK Germany 2
RTECS EK4430000
Autoignition Temperature788 °F
TSCA Yes
HazardClass 3
PackingGroup I
HS Code 29011000
Hazardous Substances Data78-78-4(Hazardous Substances Data)
MSDS Information
ProviderLanguage
ACROS English
SigmaAldrich English
ALFA English
2-Methylbutane Usage And Synthesis
Chemical Properties2-Methylbutane (isopentane), C5H12, is a flammable liquid and exhibits physical properties very similar to those of pentane. It has been detected in urban air.
2-Methylbutane
2-Methylbutane is an alkane that is butane substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It has a higher BP than butane because, although similarly branched, it has a higher MW. A useful analogy for comparing molecules with the same size of longest chain is that of cylindrical-shaped molecules. It has a role as a refrigerant. Biological samples flash frozen for example with a combination of liquid nitrogen and methylbutane can then be used for storage, cryosection, etc.

Physical propertiesClear, colorless, watery, very flammable liquid with a pleasant odor. Evaporates quickly when spilled. An odor threshold concentration of 1.3 ppmv was reported by Nagata and Takeuchi (1990).
UsesIsopentane is an organic, branched-chain alkane with five carbon atoms. 2-Methylbutane undergoes catalytic dehydrogenation in the presence of chromia-alumina catalyst to form isoamylenes, which can undergo further dehydrogenation to form isoprene. It may also be used as a solvent in the preparation of trans-Bis(triethylphosphine) (hydroxy carbonyl) (phenyl) platinum(II), a metallacarboxylic acid.
Uses2-Methylbutane is used as a chemical intermediate. It acts as a blowing agent for polystyrene and gasoline additive. It is used as a solvent of polyethylene and involved in the preparation of polystyrene foam and polyurethane foam. Further, it is used in a closed loop in geothermal power production to operate turbines. In addition to this, it is used to freeze biological samples like tissues in place of dry ice for cryosectioning in histology.
Preparation2-Methylbutane was synthesized by liquid-phase catalytic isomerization at 95°C using pentane as raw material.
Production MethodsIsopentane is produced by fractional distillation of natural gas liquids and crude oil.
DefinitionChEBI: 2-methylbutane is an alkane that is butane substituted by a methyl group at position 2. It has a role as a refrigerant.
General DescriptionWatery colorless liquid with a gasoline-like odor. Floats on water. Flammable, irritating vapor is produced. Boiling point is 82°F.
Air & Water ReactionsHighly flammable. Insoluble in water.
Reactivity Profile2-Methylbutane is a fire and explosion hazard when in contact with oxidizing agents. .
Health HazardInhalation causes irritation of respiratory tract, cough, mild depression, irregular heartbeat. Aspiration causes severe lung irritation, coughing, pulmonary edema; excitement followed by depression. Ingestion causes nausea, vomiting, swelling of abdomen, headache, depression.
Fire HazardBehavior in Fire: Highly volatile liquid. Vapors may explode when mixed with air.
Flammability and ExplosibilityExtremelyflammable
Safety ProfileMddly toxic and narcotic by inhalation. See also PENTANE. Flammable liquid. A very dangerous fire and explosion hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidzers. Keep away from sparks, heat, or open flame; can react with oxidizing materials. To fight fire, use foam, CO2, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
SourceA constituent in gasoline. Harley et al. (2000) analyzed the headspace vapors of three grades of unleaded gasoline where ethanol was added to replace methyl tert-butyl ether. The gasoline vapor concentrations of 2-methylbutane in the headspace were 24.1 wt % for regular grade, 24.8 wt % for mid-grade, and 26.0 wt % for premium grade.
Schauer et al. (2001) measured organic compound emission rates for volatile organic compounds, gas-phase semi-volatile organic compounds, and particle-phase organic compounds from the residential (fireplace) combustion of pine, oak, and eucalyptus. The gas-phase emission rate of 2-methylbutane was 5.6 mg/kg of pine burned. Emission rates of 2-methylbutane were not measured during the combustion of oak and eucalyptus.
California Phase II reformulated gasoline contained 2-methylbutane at a concentration of 79.2g/kg. Gas-phase tailpipe emission rates from gasoline-powered automobiles with and without catalytic converters were 3.69 and 148 μg/km, respectively (Schauer et al., 2002).
Environmental fatePhotolytic. When synthetic air containing gaseous nitrous acid and 2-methylbutane was exposed to artificial sunlight (λ = 300–450 nm), acetone, acetaldehyde, methyl nitrate, peroxy-acetal nitrate, propyl nitrate, and pentyl nitrate were formed (Cox et al., 1980).
Based upon a photooxidation rate constant of 3.90 x 10-12 cm3/molecule?sec with OH radicals in summer daylight, the atmospheric lifetime is 36 h (Altshuller, 1991). At atmospheric pressure and 300 K, Darnall et al. (1978) reported a rate constant of 3.78 x 10-12 cm3/molecule?sec for the same reaction.
Cox et al. (1980) reported a rate constant of 5.0 x 10-11 cm3/molecule?sec for the reaction of gaseous 2-methylbutane with OH radicals based on a value of 8 x 10-12 cm3/molecule?sec for the reaction of ethylene with OH radicals.
Chemical/Physical. Complete combustion in air produces carbon dioxide and water vapor.
2-Methylbutane will not hydrolyze because it does not contain a hydrolyzable functional group.
Purification MethodsStir isopentane for several hours in the cold with conc H2SO4 (to remove olefinic impurities), then wash it with H2O, aqueous Na2CO3 and H2O again. Dry it with MgSO4 and fractionally distil it using a Todd column packed with glass helices. Material transparent down to 180nm is obtained by distilling from sodium wire, and passing through a column of silica gel which had previously been dried in place at 350o for 12hours before use. [Potts J Phys Chem 20 809 1952, Beilstein 1 IV 320.]
2-Ethylhexyl chloroformate TRIS(2,2,6,6-TETRAMETHYL-3,5-HEPTANEDIONATO)YTTERBIUM 3-CHLORO-3-METHYLPENTANE TRIS(2,2,6,6-TETRAMETHYL-3,5-HEPTANEDIONATO)EUROPIUM(III) 2-Ethylhexanoyl chloride 1,1-DICHLORO-3,3-DIMETHYLBUTANE PR(TMHD)3 1-BROMO-2-METHYLBUTANE 1,1,3,3-TETRAMETHYLBUTYL ISOCYANIDE 2-BROMO-2-METHYLBUTANE 4-Butoxyphenol 1-Bromo-2-ethylbutane 2-Ethylhexyl bromide 2-CHLORO-2-METHYLBUTANE 2-BROMO-2-METHYLPROPIOPHENONE TRIS(2,2,6,6-TETRAMETHYL-3,5-HEPTANEDIONATO)DYSPROSIUM(III) 1-BROMO-3-METHYLBUTANE Isovaleryl chloride

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