Inhibitors

Inhibitor refers to substance that can hinder the chemical reactions, biological reactions (including immune response) and biological activity. In present time, commonly used inhibitors include immunosuppressants and inhibitors.

1. Immunosuppressive agents: immunosuppressants system refers to drug that can reduce the immune response. It can selectively suppress certain steps of the immune response and immune cells. Immune response refers to the body’s response to a variety of pathogenic substances. Some reactions are favorable to the body and can enhance the body's resistance to disease; some have adverse effects on the body and can cause tissue damage or disorders of physiological functions (allergy). Therefore, patients suffering from allergic reactions being harmful to the body should be subject to the treatment of immunosuppressant to affect the related immune processes and reduce the immune response of the body.

For the treatment of various autoimmune diseases and weakening the tissue incompatibility, it has been developed of a variety of immunosuppressive agents, some of which have been widely used in clinical practice. Commonly used immunosuppressants include glucocorticoids (prednisone, prednisolone, etc.), alkylating agents (nitric oxide mustard, cyclophosphamide, thiotepa, busulfan, etc.), and antimetabolites (6- mercaptopurine, azathioprine, methotrexate, etc.).

The mechanism of immunosuppressants, though not entirely clear, but is characterized by the following several aspects:
① most kinds of immunosuppressants can simultaneously inhibit cellular and humoral immunity and can be used for organ transplantation and autoimmune disease.
②Its inhibitory effect is strong for the primary immune response while the inhibitory effect against secondary response is weak.
③It can simultaneously act on normal and pathological immunity, therefore, can often lead to some complications.
④These drugs often have strong with serious adverse reactions.

2. Enzyme inhibitors: Enzyme inhibitors refer to compounds or drugs being capable of binding to enzyme and inhibit the enzymatic activity. It is clinically often applied of enzyme inhibitors to specially interfere with certain metabolic system to achieve the therapeutic purposes. For example, people use monoamine oxidase inhibitors as antidepressants; use carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as diuretics; use dopa decarboxylase inhibitors as antihypertensive drugs and use antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporins belonging to cell wall synthesis inhibitors. Enzyme inhibitors have applications in veterinary medicine and agriculture. In addition, people can also apply enzyme inhibitors to study the mechanism of the enzyme and metabolic pathways.

Enzyme inhibitors often have similar structure with their natural substrates. For designing the inhibitors according modification of natural substrate, people should first analyze and decide the function of each part of the molecule in binding with enzymes: for binding or not binding or repulsion; secondly, people should know the degree of tolerance of the binding site to the adjacent steric hindrance. Then people can replace each functional group to regulate the strength of interaction with the enzyme.

Inhibitors can be divided into reversible and irreversible, two classes. (1)Inhibitors binding with enzyme through non-covalent bonds are called reversible inhibitor. (2)Inhibitors binding to the enzyme via a covalent bond are irreversible inhibitors with strong binding affinity. They will not be affected by concentration change process such as dialysis or dilution after binding to the enzyme.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
Dydrogesterone Dydrogesterone 152-62-5 C21H28O2
Terazosin hydrochloride dihydrate Terazosin hydrochloride dihydrate 70024-40-7 C19H30ClN5O6
Benidipine hydrochloride Benidipine hydrochloride 91599-74-5 C28H31N3O6
SB 431542 SB 431542 301836-41-9 C22H16N4O3
Ropinirole hydrochloride Ropinirole hydrochloride 91374-20-8 C16H25ClN2O
Vadimezan Vadimezan 117570-53-3 C17H14O4
Atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine hydrochloride 82248-59-7 C17H22ClNO
Detomidine hydrochloride Detomidine hydrochloride 90038-01-0 C12H15ClN2
Tacedinaline Tacedinaline 112522-64-2 C15H15N3O2
Rosiglitazone hydrochloride Rosiglitazone hydrochloride 302543-62-0 C18H20ClN3O3S
Rufinamide Rufinamide 106308-44-5 C10H8F2N4O
Sodium orthovanadate Sodium orthovanadate 13721-39-6 Na3VO4
Donepezil Hydrochloride Donepezil Hydrochloride 120011-70-3 C24H30ClNO3
Palbociclib Palbociclib 571190-30-2 C24H29N7O2
Anacetrapib Anacetrapib 875446-37-0 C30H25F10NO3
Enzalutamide Enzalutamide 915087-33-1 C21H16F4N4O2S
AHU-377 AHU-377 149709-62-6 C24H29NO5
Raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene hydrochloride 82640-04-8 C28H28ClNO4S
Tolfenamic acid Tolfenamic acid 13710-19-5 C14H12ClNO2
Pimobendan Pimobendan 74150-27-9 C19H18N4O2
Trospium chloride Trospium chloride 10405-02-4 C25H30ClNO3
Bexarotene Bexarotene 153559-49-0 C24H28O2
Bosentan hydrate Bosentan hydrate 157212-55-0 C27H31N5O7S
Procarbazine hydrochloride Procarbazine hydrochloride 366-70-1 C12H20ClN3O
Mosapride citrate Mosapride citrate 112885-42-4 C27H33ClFN3O10
Otilonium bromide Otilonium bromide 26095-59-0 C29H43BrN2O4
Ambrisentan Ambrisentan 177036-94-1 C22H22N2O4
DRONEDARONE HYDROCHLORIDE DRONEDARONE HYDROCHLORIDE 141625-93-6 C31H44N2O5S.ClH
Safinamide Safinamide 133865-89-1 C17H19FN2O2
Pimecrolimus Pimecrolimus 137071-32-0 C43H68ClNO11
Cinacalcet hydrochloride Cinacalcet hydrochloride 364782-34-3 C22H23ClF3N
Oxymetazoline hydrochloride Oxymetazoline hydrochloride 2315-02-8 C16H25ClN2O
Altrenogest Altrenogest 850-52-2 C21H26O2
N-[3-[(5-Chloro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-2,4-difluorophenyl]-1-propanesulfonamide N-[3-[(5-Chloro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-2,4-difluorophenyl]-1-propanesulfonamide 918505-84-7 C17H14ClF2N3O3S
Cabozantinib Cabozantinib 849217-68-1 C28H24FN3O5
Dorzolamide Hydrochloride Dorzolamide Hydrochloride 130693-82-2 C10H17ClN2O4S3
Tamibarotene Tamibarotene 94497-51-5 C22H25NO3
Rasagiline mesylate Rasagiline mesylate 161735-79-1 C13H17NO3S
CYCLOPAMINE CYCLOPAMINE 4449-51-8 C27H41NO2
7-Nitroindole-2-carboxylic acid 7-Nitroindole-2-carboxylic acid 6960-45-8 C9H6N2O4
Duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine hydrochloride 136434-34-9 C18H20ClNOS
Tiotropium bromide hydrate Tiotropium bromide hydrate 139404-48-1 C19H22BrNO4S2.H2O
Cisatracurium besylate Cisatracurium besylate 96946-42-8 C53H72N2O12.2C6H5O3S
Ivabradine hydrochloride Ivabradine hydrochloride 148849-67-6 C27H37ClN2O5
PELITINIB PELITINIB 257933-82-7 C24H23ClFN5O2
Bethanechol Bethanechol 590-63-6 C7H17ClN2O2
Ranolazine dihydrochloride Ranolazine dihydrochloride 95635-56-6 C24H35Cl2N3O4
Tivozanib Tivozanib 475108-18-0 C22H19ClN4O5
BKM120 (NVP-BKM120, Buparlisib) BKM120 (NVP-BKM120, Buparlisib) 944396-07-0 C18H21F3N6O2
Camostat mesilate Camostat mesilate 59721-29-8 C21H26N4O8S
Brimonidine Tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate 70359-46-5 C15H16BrN5O6
VX-745 VX-745 209410-46-8 C19H9Cl2F2N3OS
Loxapine succinate salt Loxapine succinate salt 27833-64-3 C22H24ClN3O5
Anagrelide hydrochloride Anagrelide hydrochloride 58579-51-4 C10H8Cl3N3O
N-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-3-[[5-methyl-2-[[4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)phenyl]amino]-4-pyrimidinyl]amino]benzenesulfonamide N-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-3-[[5-methyl-2-[[4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)phenyl]amino]-4-pyrimidinyl]amino]benzenesulfonamide 936091-14-4 C26H35N7O2S
Hydroxyurea Hydroxyurea 127-07-1 CH4N2O2
xav-939 xav-939 284028-89-3 C14H11F3N2OS
AZD-8055 AZD-8055 1009298-09-2 C25H31N5O4
PF-01367338 PF-01367338 459868-92-9 C19H21FN3O5P
Roxadustat Roxadustat 808118-40-3 C19H16N2O5
Ceritinib (LDK378) Ceritinib (LDK378) 1032900-25-6 C28H36ClN5O3S
Mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic acid 24280-93-1 C17H20O6
O-Desmethylvenlafaxine O-Desmethylvenlafaxine 93413-62-8 C16H25NO2
KU-55933 KU-55933 587871-26-9 C21H17NO3S2
ALOGLIPTIN(ALOGLIPTINE, ALOGLIPTINA) ALOGLIPTIN(ALOGLIPTINE, ALOGLIPTINA) 850649-61-5 C18H21N5O2
Blonanserin Blonanserin 132810-10-7 C23H30FN3
Varenicline tartrate Varenicline tartrate 375815-87-5 C17H19N3O6
Licofelone Licofelone 156897-06-2 C23H22ClNO2
Avanafil Avanafil 330784-47-9 C23H26ClN7O3
MPEP MPEP 96206-92-7 C14H11N
Enzastaurin (LY317615) Enzastaurin (LY317615) 170364-57-5 C32H29N5O2
Paliperidone Paliperidone 144598-75-4 C23H27FN4O3
Memantine HCl Memantine HCl 41100-52-1 C12H22ClN
GSK-2126458 GSK-2126458 1086062-66-9 C25H17F2N5O3S
YM155 YM155 781661-94-7 C20H19BrN4O3
Thiazovivin Thiazovivin 1226056-71-8 C15H13N5OS
PP242 PP242 1092351-67-1 C16H16N6O
Pioglitazone Pioglitazone 111025-46-8 C19H20N2O3S
Tianeptine sodium salt Tianeptine sodium salt 30123-17-2 C21H24ClN2NaO4S
Tolcapone Tolcapone 134308-13-7 C14H11NO5
WY-14643 WY-14643 50892-23-4 C14H14ClN3O2S
Loteprednol etabonate Loteprednol etabonate 82034-46-6 C24H31ClO7
Sildenafil citrate Sildenafil citrate 171599-83-0 C28H38N6O11S
Estradiol Cypionate Estradiol Cypionate 313-06-4 C26H36O3
Triflusal Triflusal 322-79-2 C10H7F3O4
Plerixafor 8HCl (AMD3100 8HCl) Plerixafor 8HCl (AMD3100 8HCl) 155148-31-5 C28H54N8
Pergolide mesylate salt Pergolide mesylate salt 66104-23-2 C20H30N2O3S2
SB216763 SB216763 280744-09-4 C19H12Cl2N2O2
PD 173074 PD 173074 219580-11-7 C28H41N7O3
Amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate Amiloride hydrochloride dihydrate 17440-83-4 C6H8ClN7O.HCl.2H2O
Nebivolol hydrochloride Nebivolol hydrochloride 152520-56-4 C22H26ClF2NO4
ISOVALERAMIDE ISOVALERAMIDE 541-46-8 C5H11NO
Pifithrin-α (PFTα) Pifithrin-α (PFTα) 63208-82-2 C16H19BrN2OS
Tenatoprazole Tenatoprazole 113712-98-4 C16H18N4O3S
BAY 11-7082 BAY 11-7082 19542-67-7 C10H9NO2S
Tropisetron hydrochloride Tropisetron hydrochloride 105826-92-4 C17H21ClN2O2
Nafamostat mesylate Nafamostat mesylate 82956-11-4 C21H25N5O8S2
Tacrolimus Tacrolimus 104987-11-3 C44H69NO12
Darifenacin hydrobromide Darifenacin hydrobromide 133099-07-7 C28H31BrN2O2
Elacridar Elacridar 143664-11-3 C34H33N3O5
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