Mycophenolic acid

Mycophenolic acid, less accurately called mycophenolate, is a compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It can reversibly inhibit inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), the enzyme that controls the rate of synthesis of guanine monophosphate in the de novo pathway of purine synthesis used in the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes. Mycophenolic acid also has antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, and antiviral activities. These powerful properties have been exploited in studies on organ transplant survival, anti-proliferative, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. It was initially marketed as the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) to improve oral bioavailability. More recently, the salt mycophenolate sodium has also been introduced. Mycophenolate mofetil is marketed under the trade name CellCept and mycophenolate sodium as Myfortic.
Mycophenolic acid Basic information
Description Biosynthesis References
Product Name:Mycophenolic acid
Synonyms:Mycophenolic acid (MPA);Melbex, Lilly 68618, NSC 129185;Mycophenolic acid SynonyMs 6-(1,3-Dihydro-7-hydroxy-5-Methoxy-4-Methyl-1-oxoisobenzofuran-6-yl)-4-Methyl-4-hexanoic acid;Mycophenolic acid 6-(1,3-Dihydro-7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-4-methyl-1-oxoisobenzofuran-6-yl)-4-methyl-4-hexanoic acid;melbex;micofenolicoacido;nsc-129185;(4E)-6-(1,3-DIHYDRO-4-HYDROXY-6-METHOXY-7-METHYL-3-OXO-5-ISOBENZOFURANYL)-4-METHYL-4-HEXENOIC ACID
CAS:24280-93-1
MF:C17H20O6
MW:320.34
EINECS:246-119-3
Product Categories:Related Substance;Isotopically Labeled Pharmaceutical Reference Standard;Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients;Aromatics Compounds;Aromatics;antibiotic;Inhibitors;Intermediates & Fine Chemicals;Pharmaceuticals;24280-93-1
Mol File:24280-93-1.mol
Mycophenolic acid Structure
Mycophenolic acid Chemical Properties
Melting point 141°C
Boiling point 419.24°C (rough estimate)
density 1.2300 (rough estimate)
vapor pressure 0Pa at 22℃
refractive index 1.5200 (estimate)
Fp 2℃
storage temp. Sealed in dry,Store in freezer, under -20°C
solubility methanol: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless to faintly yellow
form powder
pka4.5(at 25℃)
color white to white with yellow cast
Water Solubility 13mg/L(25 ºC)
Merck 14,6327
BRN 1295848
BCS Class2?
Stability:Stable for 2 years from date of purchase as supplied. Solutions in DMSO or ethanol may be stored at -20° for up to 3 months.
LogP-1.83-2.28 at 25℃ and pH5-9
Dissociation constant4.58-8.05 at 22.5-25℃
CAS DataBase Reference24280-93-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry System4-Hexenoic acid, 6-(1,3-dihydro-4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-5-isobenzofuranyl)-4-methyl-, (4E)- (24280-93-1)
Safety Information
Hazard Codes Xn,N,T,F
Risk Statements 22-61-40-68-50/53-48/25-52/53-36-20/21/22-11
Safety Statements 53-45-36/37-61-22-26-16
RIDADR 2811
WGK Germany 3
RTECS MP8050000
10
HazardClass 6.1(b)
PackingGroup III
HS Code 29419090
ToxicityLD50 in mice (mg/kg): >1250 orally; 972.9±77 i.p. (Williams)
MSDS Information
ProviderLanguage
Mycophenolic acid English
SigmaAldrich English
Mycophenolic acid Usage And Synthesis
DescriptionMycophenolic acid, less accurately called mycophenolate, is a compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It can reversibly inhibit inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), the enzyme that controls the rate of synthesis of guanine monophosphate in the de novo pathway of purine synthesis used in the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes. Mycophenolic acid also has antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, and antiviral activities. These powerful properties have been exploited in studies on organ transplant survival, anti-proliferative, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. It was initially marketed as the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) to improve oral bioavailability. More recently, the salt mycophenolate sodium has also been introduced. Mycophenolate mofetil is marketed under the trade name CellCept and mycophenolate sodium as Myfortic.
Discovered by an Italian medical scientist Bartolomeo Gosio in 1893, mycophenolic acid was the first antibiotic to be synthesised in pure and crystalline form. But its medical application was forgotten until two American scientists C.L. Alsberg and O.M. Black resynthesised it in 1912, and gave its chemical name. It was eventually found to be a broad-spectrum acting drug having antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, and antipsoriasis properties. The clinically usable drug Cellcept was developed by South African geneticist Anthony Allison and his wife Elsie M. Eugui. It was first approved by the US Food and Drug Administration on 3 May 1995 for use in kidney transplantation.
BiosynthesisThe antibiotic, mycophenolic acid, biosynthesised by Penicillium brevicompactum, is unusual in that it is derived from a Cs polyketide chain and three dimethylallyl pyrophosphate molecules as shown in Figure 1.
the biosynthesis of mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic acid has useful antitumour properties and efforts have been made to prepare derivatives with enhanced or modified activity. It is of inte rest ,therefore, that cultures of P. brevicompactum can convert halogenated phthalides (4.58; R = Cl or Br) into the corresponding mycophenolic acid derivatives.

References1. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/mycophenolic_acid#section=Top
2. https://www.scbt.com/scbt/product/mycophenolic-acid-24280-93-1
3. http://www.enzolifesciences.com/BML-A249/mycophenolic-acid/
4. http://www.emedicinehealth.com/drug-mycophenolic_acid/article_em.htm
5. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/mycophenolic_acid#section=Top
6. http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Mycophenolic-acid(Mycophenolate).html
7. https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01024




DescriptionMycophenolic acid is an immunosuppresive microbial metabolite that has been found in P. brevicompactum. It is also an active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil that is formed via carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) and CES2. Mycophenolic acid is an inhibitor of IMP dehydrogenase (IMPDH) type I and type II (IC50s = 32 and 11 nM, respectively, in cell-free assays) and inhibits DNA synthesis in L strain mouse fibroblasts when used at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 10 μg/ml. It is active against several strains of C. albicans, C. parakrusei, C. tropicalis, and C. neoformans (MICs = 3.9-31.25 μg/ml), as well as various strains of S. aureus (MICs = 31.25-125 μg/ml). Mycophenolic acid (150 mg/kg) reduces splenomegaly in a mouse model of Friend virus-induced leukemia. It decreases the number of hemolytic plaque forming cells isolated from the spleen of mice immunized with sheep red blood cells (RBCs) when administered at doses ranging from 60 to 240 mg/kg. Formulations containing mycophenolic acid have been used as immunosuppressive agents in the prevention of organ transplant rejection.
Chemical PropertiesWhite to Off-White Powder
UsesAn antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. Stoloniferum and related spp. A selective inhibitor of lymphocyte proliferation by blocking inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides.
Usesimmune suppressant, antineoplastic, antiviral
Usesantineoplastic, progestin
UsesMycophenolic acid is a common Penicillium metabolite first reported in the 1930s as a possible mycotoxin. Re-investigation showed mycophenolic acid to display broad antitumour, antiviral, antifungal and antiprotozoan activities. Its potent immunosuppressant activity led to its commercial development to prevent kidney transplant rejection. Mycophenolic acid acts by inhibiting inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, controlling the rate of de novo purine synthesis in proliferating B and T lymphocytes.
DefinitionChEBI: A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mo etil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.
Brand nameMyfortic (Novartis).
General DescriptionAssayed in therapeutic drug monitoring to ensure patients remain within the drug′s therapeutic range, mycophenolic acid is an immunosuppressant drug and the active metabolite of the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil. This analytical standard is suitable for LC-MS/MS applications including therapeutic drug monitoring and other clinical or diagnostic applications.
Biological ActivityImmunosuppressive agent with antiviral and antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo . Potently inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, thus inhibiting de novo GTP synthesis leading to decreased RNA and DNA synthesis. Reversibly inhibits proliferation of T and B lymphocytes and antibody formation.
storageRoom temperature
Purification MethodsPurify the acid by dissolving it in the minimum volume of EtOAc, applying onto a silica gel column (0.05-0.2 mesh) and eluting with a mixture of EtOAc/CHCl3/AcOH (45:55:1) followed by recrystallisation from heptane/EtOAc, from aqueous EtOH or from hot H2O and drying in vacuo. It is a weak dibasic acid, moderately soluble in Et2O, CHCl3 and hot H2O but weakly soluble in *C6H6 and toluene. [Birch & Wright Aust J Chem 22 2635 1969, Canonica et al. J Chem Soc, Perkin Trans 1 2639 1972, Birkinshaw et al. Biochem J 50 630 1952, Beilstein 18 II 393, 18 III/IV 6513.]
ReferencesReferences/Citations 1) Eugui et al. (1991), Lymphocyte-selective cyostatic and immunosuppressive effects of mycophenolic acid in vitro: role of deoxyguanosine nucleotide depletion; Scand. J. Immunol., 33 161 2) Jonsson et al. (2002), Mycophenolic acid inhibits inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase and suppresses production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide and LDH in macrophages; Cell. Immunol., 216 93 3) Allison et al. (1993), Mechanisms of action of mycophenolic acid; Ann. NY Acad. Sci., 696 63 4) Quemeneur et al. (2002), Mycophenolic acid inhibits IL-2-dependent T cell proliferation, but not IL-2-dependent survival and sensitization to apoptosis; J. Immunol., 169 2747
Mycophenolic acid Preparation Products And Raw materials
Preparation Products6-(4,6-DIHYDROXY-7-METHYL-3-OXO-1,3-DIHYDRO-ISOBENZOFURAN-5-YL)-4-METHYL-HEX-4-ENOIC ACID METHYL ESTER-->Methyl Mycophenolate (EP Impurity E)-->Mycophenolic Acid Acyl-β-D-glucuronide Allyl Ester
Methylparaben Ethyl 2-(Chlorosulfonyl)acetate Mycophenolate mofetil Bensulfuron methyl Ascoric Acid Methoxy Stearic acid Anisole Folic acid (Trifluoromethoxy)benzene Mycophenolate mofetil Salvianolic acid Thiophanate-methyl p-Anisaldehyde Mycophenolic acid Methyl acrylate CHLOROPHOSPHONAZO III Citric acid

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