Inhibitors

Inhibitor refers to substance that can hinder the chemical reactions, biological reactions (including immune response) and biological activity. In present time, commonly used inhibitors include immunosuppressants and inhibitors.

1. Immunosuppressive agents: immunosuppressants system refers to drug that can reduce the immune response. It can selectively suppress certain steps of the immune response and immune cells. Immune response refers to the body’s response to a variety of pathogenic substances. Some reactions are favorable to the body and can enhance the body's resistance to disease; some have adverse effects on the body and can cause tissue damage or disorders of physiological functions (allergy). Therefore, patients suffering from allergic reactions being harmful to the body should be subject to the treatment of immunosuppressant to affect the related immune processes and reduce the immune response of the body.

For the treatment of various autoimmune diseases and weakening the tissue incompatibility, it has been developed of a variety of immunosuppressive agents, some of which have been widely used in clinical practice. Commonly used immunosuppressants include glucocorticoids (prednisone, prednisolone, etc.), alkylating agents (nitric oxide mustard, cyclophosphamide, thiotepa, busulfan, etc.), and antimetabolites (6- mercaptopurine, azathioprine, methotrexate, etc.).

The mechanism of immunosuppressants, though not entirely clear, but is characterized by the following several aspects:
① most kinds of immunosuppressants can simultaneously inhibit cellular and humoral immunity and can be used for organ transplantation and autoimmune disease.
②Its inhibitory effect is strong for the primary immune response while the inhibitory effect against secondary response is weak.
③It can simultaneously act on normal and pathological immunity, therefore, can often lead to some complications.
④These drugs often have strong with serious adverse reactions.

2. Enzyme inhibitors: Enzyme inhibitors refer to compounds or drugs being capable of binding to enzyme and inhibit the enzymatic activity. It is clinically often applied of enzyme inhibitors to specially interfere with certain metabolic system to achieve the therapeutic purposes. For example, people use monoamine oxidase inhibitors as antidepressants; use carbonic anhydrase inhibitors as diuretics; use dopa decarboxylase inhibitors as antihypertensive drugs and use antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporins belonging to cell wall synthesis inhibitors. Enzyme inhibitors have applications in veterinary medicine and agriculture. In addition, people can also apply enzyme inhibitors to study the mechanism of the enzyme and metabolic pathways.

Enzyme inhibitors often have similar structure with their natural substrates. For designing the inhibitors according modification of natural substrate, people should first analyze and decide the function of each part of the molecule in binding with enzymes: for binding or not binding or repulsion; secondly, people should know the degree of tolerance of the binding site to the adjacent steric hindrance. Then people can replace each functional group to regulate the strength of interaction with the enzyme.

Inhibitors can be divided into reversible and irreversible, two classes. (1)Inhibitors binding with enzyme through non-covalent bonds are called reversible inhibitor. (2)Inhibitors binding to the enzyme via a covalent bond are irreversible inhibitors with strong binding affinity. They will not be affected by concentration change process such as dialysis or dilution after binding to the enzyme.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
Z-VAD-FMK Z-VAD-FMK 187389-52-2 C22H30FN3O7
1H-Pyrazole-3-acetamide, 5-[[7-[3-[ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy]-4-quinazolinyl]amino]-N-(3-fluorophenyl)- 1H-Pyrazole-3-acetamide, 5-[[7-[3-[ethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propoxy]-4-quinazolinyl]amino]-N-(3-fluorophenyl)- 722544-51-6 C26H30FN7O3
Ispinesib Ispinesib 336113-53-2 C30H33ClN4O2
J&J Ex-61 J&J Ex-61 943540-75-8 C19H13F2N7
NPS 2143 NPS 2143 284035-33-2 C24H25ClN2O2
Desvenlafaxine succinate Desvenlafaxine succinate 386750-22-7 C20H31NO6
GW5074 GW5074 220904-83-6 C15H8Br2INO2
AT9283 AT9283 896466-04-9 C19H23N7O2
BIX 02188 BIX 02188 1094614-84-2 C25H24N4O2
AEE788 AEE788 497839-62-0 C27H32N6
TW-37 TW-37 877877-35-5 C33H35NO6S
RG7227, ITMN-191, RO5190591 RG7227, ITMN-191, RO5190591 850876-88-9 C35H46FN5O9S
Dynasore Dynasore 304448-55-3 C18H14N2O4
PHA-680632 PHA-680632 398493-79-3 C28H35N7O2
LY2940680 LY2940680 1258861-20-9 C26H24F4N6O
MC1568 MC1568 852475-26-4 C17H15FN2O3
PF 3845 PF 3845 1196109-52-0 C24H23F3N4O2
cis-4-[(4-Chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-4-(2,5-difluorophenyl)cyclohexanepropanoic acid cis-4-[(4-Chlorophenyl)sulfonyl]-4-(2,5-difluorophenyl)cyclohexanepropanoic acid 471905-41-6 C21H21ClF2O4S
Ganetespib Ganetespib 888216-25-9 C20H20N4O3
FidaxoMicin FidaxoMicin 873857-62-6 C52H74Cl2O18
Crenolanib Crenolanib 670220-88-9 C26H29N5O2
3-[2,4-Bis((3S)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido[5,6-e]pyrimidin-7-yl]-N-methylbenzamide 3-[2,4-Bis((3S)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido[5,6-e]pyrimidin-7-yl]-N-methylbenzamide 1009298-59-2 C25H30N6O3
SUCCINYLCHOLINE CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE SUCCINYLCHOLINE CHLORIDE DIHYDRATE 6101-15-1 C14H34Cl2N2O6
M344 M344 251456-60-7 C16H25N3O3
2,2-DIPHENYL-N-(2,2,2-TRICHLORO-1-[3-(4-FLUORO-3-NITROPHENYL)THIOUREIDO]ETHYL)ACETAMIDE 2,2-DIPHENYL-N-(2,2,2-TRICHLORO-1-[3-(4-FLUORO-3-NITROPHENYL)THIOUREIDO]ETHYL)ACETAMIDE 905973-89-9 C23H18Cl3FN4O3S
Bromfenac sodium Bromfenac sodium 91714-93-1 C15H11BrNNaO3
DIBENZAZEPINE DIBENZAZEPINE 209984-56-5 C26H23F2N3O3
Lomeguatrib Lomeguatrib 192441-08-0 C10H8BrN5OS
AC480 (BMS-599626) AC480 (BMS-599626) 714971-09-2 C27H27FN8O3
AMG-706 AMG-706 857876-30-3 C22H29N5O9P2
N-(2,3-Dihydro-7,8-dimethoxyimidazo[1,2-c]quinazolin-5-yl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide N-(2,3-Dihydro-7,8-dimethoxyimidazo[1,2-c]quinazolin-5-yl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide 677338-12-4 C18H17N5O3
N-(6-Fluoro-1H-indazol-5-yl)-2-methyl-6-oxo-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-3-pyridinecarboxamide N-(6-Fluoro-1H-indazol-5-yl)-2-methyl-6-oxo-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-3-pyridinecarboxamide 864082-47-3 C21H16F4N4O2
(R)-5-HydroxyMethyl Tolterodine (R)-5-HydroxyMethyl Tolterodine 207679-81-0 C22H31NO2
CUDC-101 CUDC-101 1012054-59-9 C24H26N4O4
CRA-02478 CRA-02478 783355-60-2 C21H23N3O5
Volasertib (BI 6727) Volasertib (BI 6727) 755038-65-4 C34H50N8O3
LY2811376 LY2811376 1194044-20-6 C15H14F2N4S
AP26113 AP26113 1197958-12-5 C26H34ClN6O2P
GO 6976 GO 6976 136194-77-9 C24H18N4O
PP2 PP2 172889-27-9 C15H16ClN5
1-(3,4-DICHLOROBENZYL)-1H-INDOLE-2,3-DIONE 1-(3,4-DICHLOROBENZYL)-1H-INDOLE-2,3-DIONE 79183-19-0 C15H9Cl2NO2
BETA-LAPACHONE BETA-LAPACHONE 4707-32-8 C15H14O3
GW441756 GW441756 504433-23-2 C17H13N3O
FLAVOPIRIDOL HYDROCHLORIDE FLAVOPIRIDOL HYDROCHLORIDE 131740-09-5 C21H21Cl2NO5
DARAPLADIB DARAPLADIB 356057-34-6 C36H38F4N4O2S
MRS 2578 MRS 2578 711019-86-2 C20H20N6S4
Vatalanib Dihydrochloride Vatalanib Dihydrochloride 212141-51-0 C20H17Cl3N4
Ethylenediamine Ethylenediamine 107-15-3 C2H8N2
Azathioprine Azathioprine 446-86-6 C9H7N7O2S
OSU-03012 OSU-03012 742112-33-0 C26H19F3N4O
NVP-BEP800 NVP-BEP800 847559-80-2 C21H23Cl2N5O2S
AZD8931 AZD8931 848942-61-0 C23H25ClFN5O3
PF-4708671 PF-4708671 1255517-76-0 C19H21F3N6
AT7867 AT7867 857531-00-1 C20H20ClN3
NAFAMOSTAT MESYLATE NAFAMOSTAT MESYLATE 81525-10-2 C19H17N5O2
AM 251 AM 251 183232-66-8 C22H21Cl2IN4O
PIK-93 PIK-93 593960-11-3 C14H16ClN3O4S2
6-Amino-N-[3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)pyrido[3',2':4,5]furo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]phenyl]-3-pyridinecarboxamide 6-Amino-N-[3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)pyrido[3',2':4,5]furo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]phenyl]-3-pyridinecarboxamide 371942-69-7 C25H21N7O3
Luminespib Luminespib 747412-49-3 C26H31N3O5
LDN-193189 LDN-193189 1062368-24-4 C25H22N6
Cabozantinib Malate Cabozantinib Malate 1140909-48-3 C32H30FN3O10
GSK-3BETA INHIBITOR XII GSK-3BETA INHIBITOR XII 601514-19-6 C18H14N4O2
Purmorphamine Purmorphamine 483367-10-8 C31H32N6O2
Amonafide Amonafide 69408-81-7 C16H17N3O2
LONAFARNIB LONAFARNIB 193275-84-2 C27H31Br2ClN4O2
(1S,4Z,7S,10S,11E,20R)-4-ethylidene-7,20-dipropan-2-yl-9-oxa-15,16-dit hia-3,6,18,21-tetrazabicyclo[8.7.6]tricos-11-ene-2,5,8,19,22-pentone (1S,4Z,7S,10S,11E,20R)-4-ethylidene-7,20-dipropan-2-yl-9-oxa-15,16-dit hia-3,6,18,21-tetrazabicyclo[8.7.6]tricos-11-ene-2,5,8,19,22-pentone 128517-07-7 C24H36N4O6S2
5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-furan-2-carboxylic acid 3,5<br>-dimethoxyphenylamide 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-furan-2-carboxylic acid 3,5
-dimethoxyphenylamide
944261-79-4 C19H16ClNO4
Elesclomol Elesclomol 488832-69-5 C19H20N4O2S2
6-[2-tert-Butyl-5-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]-quinoxaline 6-[2-tert-Butyl-5-(6-methyl-pyridin-2-yl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]-quinoxaline 356559-20-1 C21H21N5
Sitaxentan sodium Sitaxentan sodium 210421-74-2 C18H14ClN2NaO6S2
Avagacestat (BMS-708163) Avagacestat (BMS-708163) 1146699-66-2 C20H17ClF4N4O4S
Unii-33o78xf0bw Unii-33o78xf0bw 635728-49-3 C29H43N3O8S
PF-05212384 PF-05212384 1197160-78-3 C32H41N9O4
Pracinostat Pracinostat 929016-96-6 C20H30N4O2
IOX2 IOX2 931398-72-0 C19H16N2O5
IPI 145 IPI 145 1201438-56-3 C22H17ClN6O
XL019 XL019 945755-56-6 C25H28N6O2
SALUBRINAL SALUBRINAL 405060-95-9 C21H17Cl3N4OS
17-DMAG 17-DMAG 467214-21-7 C32H49ClN4O8
PD 123319 ditrifluoroacetate PD 123319 ditrifluoroacetate 130663-39-7 C31H32N4O3
ALK5 inhibitor II ALK5 inhibitor II 446859-33-2 C17H13N5
Avasimibe Avasimibe 166518-60-1 C29H43NO4S
bupivacaine hydrochloride bupivacaine hydrochloride 18010-40-7 C18H28N2O.ClH
LY-364947 LY-364947 396129-53-6 C17H12N4
[4-Amino-2-[(1-methylsulfonylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]pyrimidin-5-yl](2,3-difluoro-6-methoxyphenyl)methanone(R 547) [4-Amino-2-[(1-methylsulfonylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]pyrimidin-5-yl](2,3-difluoro-6-methoxyphenyl)methanone(R 547) 741713-40-6 C18H21F2N5O4S
PF 573228 PF 573228 869288-64-2 C22H20F3N5O3S
DGAT-1 inhibitor DGAT-1 inhibitor 959122-11-3 C26H24N2O4
5-[2-[4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one oxime 5-[2-[4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazol-4-yl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-one oxime 405554-55-4 C27H27N5O2
GSK1070916 GSK1070916 942918-07-2 C30H33N7O
SGX-523 SGX-523 1022150-57-7 C18H13N7S
1-Cyclopentyl-3-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine 1-Cyclopentyl-3-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine 1092788-83-4 C17H17N7
Prucalopride Succinate Prucalopride Succinate 179474-85-2 C22H32ClN3O7
A-966492 A-966492 934162-61-5 C18H17FN4O
OSI-027 OSI-027 936890-98-1 C21H22N6O3
CEP-18770 CEP-18770 847499-27-8 C21H28BN3O5
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-aMino-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-((((1r,3S)-3-(2-(5-(tert-butyl)-1H-benzo[d]iMidazol-2-yl)ethyl)cyclobutyl)(isopropyl)aMino)Methyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-aMino-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-((((1r,3S)-3-(2-(5-(tert-butyl)-1H-benzo[d]iMidazol-2-yl)ethyl)cyclobutyl)(isopropyl)aMino)Methyl)tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diol 1380288-87-8 C30H42N8O3
SB408124 SB408124 288150-92-5 C19H18F2N4O
ZEBULARINE ZEBULARINE 3690-10-6 C9H12N2O5
CALPEPTIN CALPEPTIN 117591-20-5 C20H30N2O4
AG 1478 HYDROCHLORIDE AG 1478 HYDROCHLORIDE 153436-53-4 C16H14ClN3O2
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