PI3K / Akt / mTOR

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3Ks) family of proteins participates into the regulation of cell survival, growth, metabolism and glucose homeostasis and other cellular functions. The increased PI3K kinase activity is often associated with various kinds of cancers. As the name suggests, PI3Ks can phosphorylate the 3-position carbon atom of the inositol ring in the phosphatidylinositol PI (a kind of membrane phospholipids). PI has a very small fraction in the cell membrane with its content being less than phosphatidylcholine phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. However, it is abundant in the brain cells with its content reaching up to 10% of the total phospholipids.

PI3K activation
PI3K can be divided into three categories with different structures and functions. The most extensively studied PI3K is the class I PI3K. This kind of PI3K is heterodimer consisting of a regulatory subunit and a catalytic subunit. Regulatory subunits contain SH2 and SH3 domain and can interact with the related target protein containing the corresponding binding site. The subunit is usually called p85, referred to the first found subtype (isotype). However, the currently known six regulatory subunits have the size ranging from 50 to 110kDa. There are four kinds of catalytic subunits, namely p110α, β, δ, γ with δ being limited to only white blood cells but the rest being widely distributed in various cells.

The activation of PI3K is largely relying on the substrate coming near to its part in the inner plasma membrane. There are various kinds of factors and signaling complexes, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), human growth factor (of HGF), vascular ARNT I (Ang1) and insulin that can initiate the PI3K activation process.

These factors can activate the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), resulting in auto-phosphorylation. The phosphorylated residue in the receptor has provided a docking site for the heterologous dimerized PI3Kp85 subunits. However, in some cases, receptor phosphorylation is mediated by recruiting an adapter protein.

For example, when insulin activates its receptor, it must recruit a protein insulin receptor substrate (IRS) to facilitate binding of PI3K. Similarly, when the whole protein integrin (non-RTK) is activated, the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) can be used as the adapter protein, docking the PI3K through its p85 subunit. However, in the above case, the SH2 and SH3 domains of the p85 subunit are both connected with linker protein in a phosphorylation site. After PI3K recruits it to the activated receptors, it initiates the phosphorylation of multiple PI intermediates. PI3K, which is especially related with cancer, converts the PIP2 to PIP3.

The role of AKT
The activated AKT, through phosphorylation of various kinds of downstream enzymes, kinases and transcription factors, further regulates the cellular function. For example, AKT can stimulate the glucose metabolism: AKT can activate the AS160 (AKT substrate, 160 kDa), and further promote the absorption of GLUT4 transposition and the absorption of muscle cells on glucose. AKT can do phosphorylation of GSK3β to inhibit its activity, thereby promoting the glucose metabolism and regulating of cell cycle. AKT can phosphorylate the TSC 1/2 (tuberous sclerosis complex), being able to prevent its negative regulation on small G protein Rheb (Ras homology enriched in brain), thus causing Rheb enrichment and the activation of rapamycin-sensitive mTOR complexes (mTORC1). These effects can activate the protein translation, and enhance cell growth.

mTOR (mammalian target protein of rapamycin) kinase is a new member of the protein kinase family, this kind of protein kinase also belongs to phosphatidylinositol kinase-related kinase (PIKK). mTOR is found during the process of studying immunosuppressant rapamycin process. During the study, scientists found that immunosuppressant FK506 which is structurally similar with rapamycin can bind to the same target protein FKBP12 (FK506 binding protein) to exert its immunity inhibition. However, it has different mechanism of immunosuppression from FK506. The complex formed between rapamycin and FKBP12 can’t bind to calmodulin. Moreover, rapamycin can’t inhibit T cell activation or directly reduce the synthesis of early cytokine. It blocks the receptor signaling pathways through different cytokines, blocking the transition process of T lymphocytes and other cells from G1 to S phase. FK506, instead, block the proliferation of T lymphocytes from the G0 to G1 phase. Owing to the important position of mTOR in cell proliferation, differentiation, metastasis and survival, mTOR has become a new target in cancer therapy.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
NVP-BEZ 235 NVP-BEZ 235 915019-65-7 C30H23N5O
LY 294002 HYDROCHLORIDE LY 294002 HYDROCHLORIDE 154447-36-6 C19H17NO3
Perifosine (KRX-0401) Perifosine (KRX-0401) 157716-52-4 C25H52NO4P
CAL-101 CAL-101 870281-82-6 C22H18FN7O
Temsirolimus Temsirolimus 162635-04-3 C56H87NO16
Pictilisib Pictilisib 957054-30-7 C23H27N7O3S2
BKM120 (NVP-BKM120, Buparlisib) BKM120 (NVP-BKM120, Buparlisib) 944396-07-0 C18H21F3N6O2
AZD-8055 AZD-8055 1009298-09-2 C25H31N5O4
GSK-2126458 GSK-2126458 1086062-66-9 C25H17F2N5O3S
PP242 PP242 1092351-67-1 C16H16N6O
SB216763 SB216763 280744-09-4 C19H12Cl2N2O2
KU-0063794 KU-0063794 938440-64-3 C25H31N5O4
N-[3-[[5-Iodo-4-[[3-[(2-thienylcarbonyl)amino]propyl]amino]-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]phenyl]-1-pyrrolidinecarboxamide N-[3-[[5-Iodo-4-[[3-[(2-thienylcarbonyl)amino]propyl]amino]-2-pyrimidinyl]amino]phenyl]-1-pyrrolidinecarboxamide 702675-74-9 C23H26IN7O2S
5-(6-Quinoxalinylmethylene)-2,4-thiazolidinedione 5-(6-Quinoxalinylmethylene)-2,4-thiazolidinedione 648450-29-7 C12H7N3O2S
MK-2206 2HCl MK-2206 2HCl 1032350-13-2 C25H22ClN5O
PI-103 PI-103 371935-74-9 C19H16N4O3
(S)-1-[4-[[2-(2-Aminopyrimidin-5-yl)-7-methyl-4-(morpholin-4-yl)thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-6-yl]methyl]piperazin-1-yl]-2-hydroxypropan-1-one (S)-1-[4-[[2-(2-Aminopyrimidin-5-yl)-7-methyl-4-(morpholin-4-yl)thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidin-6-yl]methyl]piperazin-1-yl]-2-hydroxypropan-1-one 1032754-93-0 C23H30N8O3S
API-2 API-2 35943-35-2 C13H16N6O4
XL147 XL147 956958-53-5 C21H16N6O2S2
3-[2,4-Bis((3S)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido[5,6-e]pyrimidin-7-yl]-N-methylbenzamide 3-[2,4-Bis((3S)-3-methylmorpholin-4-yl)pyrido[5,6-e]pyrimidin-7-yl]-N-methylbenzamide 1009298-59-2 C25H30N6O3
ZSTK474 ZSTK474 475110-96-4 C19H21F2N7O2
N-(2,3-Dihydro-7,8-dimethoxyimidazo[1,2-c]quinazolin-5-yl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide N-(2,3-Dihydro-7,8-dimethoxyimidazo[1,2-c]quinazolin-5-yl)-3-pyridinecarboxamide 677338-12-4 C18H17N5O3
2-[(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl]-5-methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone 2-[(6-Amino-9H-purin-9-yl)methyl]-5-methyl-3-(2-methylphenyl)-4(3H)-quinazolinone 371242-69-2 C22H19N7O
PIK-93 PIK-93 593960-11-3 C14H16ClN3O4S2
6-Amino-N-[3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)pyrido[3',2':4,5]furo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]phenyl]-3-pyridinecarboxamide 6-Amino-N-[3-[4-(4-morpholinyl)pyrido[3',2':4,5]furo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]phenyl]-3-pyridinecarboxamide 371942-69-7 C25H21N7O3
OSU-03012 OSU-03012 742112-33-0 C26H19F3N4O
PF-4708671 PF-4708671 1255517-76-0 C19H21F3N6
AT7867 AT7867 857531-00-1 C20H20ClN3
GSK-3BETA INHIBITOR XII GSK-3BETA INHIBITOR XII 601514-19-6 C18H14N4O2
PF-05212384 PF-05212384 1197160-78-3 C32H41N9O4
IPI 145 IPI 145 1201438-56-3 C22H17ClN6O
OSI-027 OSI-027 936890-98-1 C21H22N6O3
A66 A66 1166227-08-2 C17H23N5O2S2
VS-5584 VS-5584 1246560-33-7 C17H22N8O
9-(6-Amino-3-pyridinyl)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzo[h]-1,6-naphthyridin-2(1H)-one 9-(6-Amino-3-pyridinyl)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzo[h]-1,6-naphthyridin-2(1H)-one 1223001-51-1 C24H15F3N4O
Torin 1 Torin 1 1222998-36-8 C35H28F3N5O2
PaloMid 529 (P529) PaloMid 529 (P529) 914913-88-5 C24H22O6
A-674563 A-674563 552325-73-2 C22H22N4O
NVP-BGT226 NVP-BGT226 1245537-68-1 C28H25F3N6O2.C4H4O4
BAY 80-6946 (Copanlisib) BAY 80-6946 (Copanlisib) 1032568-63-0 C23H28N8O4
GSK2636771 GSK2636771 1372540-25-4 C22H22F3N3O3
GDC-0068 GDC-0068 1001264-89-6 C24H32ClN5O2
BIO BIO 667463-62-9 C16H10BrN3O2
AS 604850 AS 604850 648449-76-7 C11H5F2NO4S
42-(Dimethylphosphinate)rapamycin 42-(Dimethylphosphinate)rapamycin 572924-54-0 C53H84NO14P
SB 415286 SB 415286 264218-23-7 C16H10ClN3O5
4-BENZYL-2-METHYL-1,2,4-THIADIAZOLIDINE-3,5-DIONE 4-BENZYL-2-METHYL-1,2,4-THIADIAZOLIDINE-3,5-DIONE 327036-89-5 C10H10N2O2S
5-[[5-(4-Fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-furanyl]methylene]-2,4-thiazolidinedione 5-[[5-(4-Fluoro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-furanyl]methylene]-2,4-thiazolidinedione 900515-16-4 C14H8FNO4S
CCT128930 CCT128930 885499-61-6 C18H20ClN5
BX-912 BX-912 702674-56-4 C20H23BrN8O
WYE-354 WYE-354 1062169-56-5 C24H29N7O5
5-(4-aMino-1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyriMidin-3-yl)benzo[d]oxazol-2-aMine 5-(4-aMino-1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyriMidin-3-yl)benzo[d]oxazol-2-aMine 1224844-38-5 C15H15N7O
PIK-75 Hydrochloride PIK-75 Hydrochloride 372196-77-5 C16H15BrClN5O4S
AR-A014418 AR-A014418 487021-52-3 C12H12N4O4S
CH5132799 CH5132799 1007207-67-1 C15H19N7O3S
AKT Kinase Inhibitor AKT Kinase Inhibitor 842148-40-7 C16H19N7O3
PI-3065 PI-3065 955977-50-1 C27H31FN6OS
BI-D1870 BI-D1870 501437-28-1 C19H23F2N5O2
PIK-294 PIK-294 900185-02-6 C28H23N7O2
WYE-687 WYE-687 1062161-90-3 C28H32N8O3
LY2090314 LY2090314 603288-22-8 C28H25FN6O3
AZD5363 AZD5363 1143532-39-1 C21H25ClN6O2
ZOTAROLIMUS ZOTAROLIMUS 221877-54-9 C52H79N5O12
N-[4-[1-(1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl)-4-(8-oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl]phenyl]-N'-methylurea N-[4-[1-(1,4-Dioxaspiro[4.5]dec-8-yl)-4-(8-oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-yl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-6-yl]phenyl]-N'-methylurea 1144068-46-1 C27H33N7O4
Bikinin Bikinin 188011-69-0 C9H9BrN2O3
PKI-402 PKI-402 1173204-81-3 C29H34N10O3
N-Ethyl-N'-[4-[5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-morpholinyl]-7-(3-oxetanyl)pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]phenyl]urea N-Ethyl-N'-[4-[5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-morpholinyl]-7-(3-oxetanyl)pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]phenyl]urea 1207360-89-1 C24H32N6O3
AT-13148 AT-13148 1056901-62-2 C17H16ClN3O
GSK-2110183C GSK-2110183C 1047644-62-1 C18H17Cl2FN4OS
IM-12 IM-12 1129669-05-1 C22H20FN3O2
2,6-PYRIDINEDIAMINE, N6-[2-[[4-(2,4-DICHLOROPHENYL)-5-(1H-IMIDAZOL-1-YL)-2-PYRIMIDINYL]AMINO]ETHYL]-3-NITRO- 2,6-PYRIDINEDIAMINE, N6-[2-[[4-(2,4-DICHLOROPHENYL)-5-(1H-IMIDAZOL-1-YL)-2-PYRIMIDINYL]AMINO]ETHYL]-3-NITRO- 252935-94-7 C20H17Cl2N9O2
XL-388 XL-388 1251156-08-7 C23H22FN3O4S
AZD-2858 AZD-2858 486424-20-8 C21H23N7O3S
WAY-600 WAY-600 1062159-35-6 C28H30N8O
HS-173 HS-173 1276110-06-5 C21H18N4O4S
LY2584702 LY2584702 1082949-67-4 C21H19F4N7
LY-2584702 (tosylate salt) LY-2584702 (tosylate salt) 1082949-68-5 C28H27F4N7O3S
5-[[4-(4-Pyridinyl)-6-quinolinyl]methylene]-2,4-thiazolidenedione 5-[[4-(4-Pyridinyl)-6-quinolinyl]methylene]-2,4-thiazolidenedione 958852-01-2 C18H11N3O2S
PHT-427 PHT-427 1191951-57-1 C20H31N3O2S2
GSK 2334470 GSK 2334470 1227911-45-6 C25H34N8O
1-AZAKENPAULLONE 1-AZAKENPAULLONE 676596-65-9 C15H10BrN3O
2-[[(1R)-1-[7-methyl-2-(4-morpholinyl)-4-oxo-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl]ethyl]amino]benzoic acid 2-[[(1R)-1-[7-methyl-2-(4-morpholinyl)-4-oxo-4h-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-9-yl]ethyl]amino]benzoic acid 1173900-33-8 C22H24N4O4
CAY10505 CAY10505 1218777-13-9 C14H8FNO3S
BML-275 BML-275 1219168-18-9 C24H27Cl2N5O
CZC24832 CZC24832 1159824-67-5 C15H17FN6O2S
XL765 XL765 1349796-36-6 C31H29N5O6S
AZD 1080 AZD 1080 612487-72-6 C19H18N4O2
KP372-1 KP372-1 329710-24-9 C10H4N6O
3,3'-(2,4-Diamino-6,7-pteridinediyl)bisphenol 3,3'-(2,4-Diamino-6,7-pteridinediyl)bisphenol 677297-51-7 C18H14N6O2
PIK-293 PIK-293 900185-01-5 C22H19N7O
TG 100713 TG 100713 925705-73-3 C12H10N6O
7-benzyl-10-(2-Methylbenzyl)-2,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydroiMidazo[1,2-a]pyrido[4,3-d]pyriMidin-5(3H)-one 7-benzyl-10-(2-Methylbenzyl)-2,6,7,8,9,10-hexahydroiMidazo[1,2-a]pyrido[4,3-d]pyriMidin-5(3H)-one 41276-02-2 C24H26N4O
WZ4003 WZ4003 1214265-58-3 C25H29ClN6O3
5-(6-(3-Methoxyoxetan-3-yl)-4-Morpholinothieno[3,2-d]pyriMidin-2-yl)pyriMidin-2-aMine 5-(6-(3-Methoxyoxetan-3-yl)-4-Morpholinothieno[3,2-d]pyriMidin-2-yl)pyriMidin-2-aMine 1394076-92-6 C19H22N6O3S
MHY1485 MHY1485 326914-06-1 C17H21N7O4
H-89 DIHYDROCHLORIDE HYDRATE H-89 DIHYDROCHLORIDE HYDRATE 130964-39-5 C20H20BrN3O2S.2ClH.H2O
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