Hydrocarbons and derivatives

Hydrocarbon compounds are also known as hydrocarbons. They are compounds only containing two elements, hydrogen and carbon. When their molecular hydrogen atoms are replaced by various kinds of other element atoms or atom groups, we can obtain various kinds of hydrocarbon derivatives. German chemist Schorlemmer had discovered butane and other hydrocarbons, and is thus known as the founder of the hydrocarbon chemistry. There are many types of hydrocarbons with number of hydrocarbons with known structure being over 2,000 kinds. Based on the connecting way of carbon bonds, they are divided into chain hydrocarbon and cyclic hydrocarbon, two types with the former one having its carbon atoms connected in a chain shape. According to the saturation degree of hydrogen atom on valence bonds, they are divided into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons are namely alkanes, such as methane, ethane and so on; unsaturated hydrocarbons include olefin and alkynes with representation being ethylene and acetylene. Cyclic hydrocarbon has its intramolecular carbon bonds connected into a closed ring. It includes two kinds, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. There are many similarities between alicyclic hydrocarbons and chain hydrocarbon. General cyclic hydrocarbons are similar to hydrocarbons while cyclic olefin and cyclic alkyne are respectively similar as alkenes and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons mainly refer to hydrocarbons containing benzene ring structure.

Chain hydrocarbon is also known as aliphatic hydrocarbon due to that during the initial study; it was found that oil lipid contained many of these open chain compounds. The naming of alicyclic hydrocarbons is due to its similar nature as aliphatic hydrocarbons. The nature of aromatic hydrocarbon is different from other hydrocarbons while first discovered several compounds are all scented, leading to the name which is still in use today.

Oil, gas and coal are the main source of hydrocarbons. Petroleum refining can give a variety of alkane mixture such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, etc; oil cracking, reforming give various kinds of olefins, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal tar contains various kinds of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, naphthalene, etc.). Many kinds of higher hydrocarbons are presented in plants such as the pigments contained in tomatoes and carrots. The wax of many kinds of plants and animals also contains higher content of alkanes. For example, beeswax contains C27H56 and C31H64; wax of spinach leaves contains C33H68, C35H72, and C37H76; wax of cabbage leaves contains C29H60 and so on. The main component of natural rubber, polyisoprene also belongs to hydrocarbon. An important application of hydrocarbons is being used as fuel and chemical raw materials. Through secondary processing of petroleum, it can give ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, xylene and naphthalene, and other basic organic industrial raw materials. From these materials, we can further prepare styrene, ethanol, acetone and other chemicals. Re-use of these raw materials can be used for manufacturing of a variety of plastics, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibers and fine chemical products. Hydrocarbons may also be used as food for certain bacteria to utilize with those proteins (oil protein) excreted by these bacteria proteins being applied as feed. The national scale and level of processing and application of hydrocarbons may reflect the extent of economic and technological development of a country.

Hydrocarbon derivative refers to the general term of many kinds of complicated compound derived from hydrocarbon molecules with one or more hydrogen atoms being substituted by other atoms or atoms groups. Compounds derived from halogen substitution are called halogenated hydrocarbon; derived from hydroxy substitution are called alcohols or phenols; derived from carboxy substitution are called carboxylic acids. Ester, acyl halide, acid anhydride, amides, aldehydes, ketones, amines and nitriles, etc. can be considered to be the compounds derived from hydrocarbons with intramolecular hydrogen atoms being substituted by corresponding atoms. During early 19th century, German chemist Schorlemmer, based on years of experimental and theoretical studies, had first defined organic chemistry as chemistry concerning hydrocarbons and their derivatives. This definition is formulated based on the principles of atom combination theory, being more reasonable and advanced than all the previous definitions, thus further being adopted by many chemists. However, the problem is that it doesn’t distinguish the difference between organic and inorganic substances. The definition of Schorlemmer had greatly promoted the development of the theory regarding to the organic chemistry structure. He was the first man who defined organic compound as above scientific classifications, establishing a scientific system. He was the first man who divided organics into aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and further classified aliphatic compounds into hydrocarbons (saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons), halocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters and so on.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
3-Chloro-2-methylpropene 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene 563-47-3 C4H7Cl
1,2-Dichlorobenzene 1,2-Dichlorobenzene 95-50-1 C6H4Cl2
Tosyl cyanide Tosyl cyanide 19158-51-1 C8H7NO2S
PERFLUORO(METHYLCYCLOHEXANE) PERFLUORO(METHYLCYCLOHEXANE) 355-02-2 C7F14
(R)-(-)-Epichlorohydrin (R)-(-)-Epichlorohydrin 51594-55-9 C3H5ClO
5-CHLORO-2-NITROANISOLE 5-CHLORO-2-NITROANISOLE 6627-53-8 C7H6ClNO3
Ethylcyclohexane Ethylcyclohexane 1678-91-7 C8H16
Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 541-02-6 C10H30O5Si5
Cyclohexene oxide Cyclohexene oxide 286-20-4 C6H10O
OCTAMETHYLCYCLOTETRASILAZANE OCTAMETHYLCYCLOTETRASILAZANE 1020-84-4 C8H28N4Si4
2-Chlorotoluene 2-Chlorotoluene 95-49-8 C7H7Cl
PENTAFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE PENTAFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE 1765-40-8 C7H2BrF5
1-Hexen-3-ol 1-Hexen-3-ol 4798-44-1 C6H12O
2,6-Dichlorobenzyl chloride 2,6-Dichlorobenzyl chloride 2014-83-7 C7H5Cl3
1,9-DECADIENE 1,9-DECADIENE 1647-16-1 C10H18
(1-Bromoethyl)benzene (1-Bromoethyl)benzene 585-71-7 C8H9Br
4-Chlorobenzyl chloride 4-Chlorobenzyl chloride 104-83-6 C7H6Cl2
4-NITRO-3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENOL 4-NITRO-3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENOL 88-30-2 C7H4F3NO3
1-Fluoronaphthalene 1-Fluoronaphthalene 321-38-0 C10H7F
1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene 1,2,3,4,5-Pentamethylcyclopentadiene 4045-44-7 C10H16
3-FLUORO-O-XYLENE 3-FLUORO-O-XYLENE 443-82-3 C8H9F
1-Bromo-2,3-difluorobenzene 1-Bromo-2,3-difluorobenzene 38573-88-5 C6H3BrF2
2,4-HEXADIENE 2,4-HEXADIENE 592-46-1 C6H10
4-Bromo-2-chloro-1-fluorobenzene 4-Bromo-2-chloro-1-fluorobenzene 60811-21-4 C6H3BrClF
1,2-Difluorobenzene 1,2-Difluorobenzene 367-11-3 C6H4F2
1,2-Diaminocyclohexane 1,2-Diaminocyclohexane 694-83-7 C6H14N2
1,4-Dibenzyloxybenzene 1,4-Dibenzyloxybenzene 621-91-0 C20H18O2
9-Bromophenanthrene 9-Bromophenanthrene 573-17-1 C14H9Br
TRANS-4-OCTENE TRANS-4-OCTENE 14850-23-8 C8H16
1-UNDECENE 1-UNDECENE 821-95-4 C11H22
Cyclohexylmethyl bromide Cyclohexylmethyl bromide 2550-36-9 C7H13Br
1-Bromopropane 1-Bromopropane 106-94-5 C3H7Br
VINYLCYCLOHEXANE VINYLCYCLOHEXANE 695-12-5 C8H14
Bromoethane Bromoethane 74-96-4 C2H5Br
Cyclopropyl bromide Cyclopropyl bromide 4333-56-6 C3H5Br
3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl chloride 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl chloride 75462-59-8 C9H5ClF6
3-Bromotoluene 3-Bromotoluene 591-17-3 C7H7Br
4-NITROCINNAMYL ALCOHOL 4-NITROCINNAMYL ALCOHOL 1504-63-8 C9H9NO3
1-Bromo-3-phenylpropane 1-Bromo-3-phenylpropane 637-59-2 C9H11Br
1-Bromo-4-chloro-2-methylbenzene 1-Bromo-4-chloro-2-methylbenzene 14495-51-3 C7H6BrCl
N-THIONYLANILINE N-THIONYLANILINE 1122-83-4 C6H5NOS
1-Bromo-3-chloropropane 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane 109-70-6 C3H6BrCl
3-BROMOCHLOROBENZENE 3-BROMOCHLOROBENZENE 108-37-2 C6H4BrCl
3-Bromo-2-nitroaniline 3-Bromo-2-nitroaniline 7138-15-0 C6H5BrN2O2
4-Methoxybenzoyl chloride 4-Methoxybenzoyl chloride 100-07-2 C8H7ClO2
1-Bromo-4-(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)benzene 1-Bromo-4-(trans-4-propylcyclohexyl)benzene 86579-53-5 C15H21Br
2-METHYL-1-BUTENE 2-METHYL-1-BUTENE 563-46-2 C5H10
Bromocyclopentane Bromocyclopentane 137-43-9 C5H9Br
1,2-Epoxyoctane 1,2-Epoxyoctane 2984-50-1 C8H16O
4-Methyl-1-pentene 4-Methyl-1-pentene 691-37-2 C6H12
Methyl 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoate Methyl 3-hydroxy-4-nitrobenzoate 713-52-0 C8H7NO5
Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane 541-05-9 C6H18O3Si3
Iodoethane Iodoethane 75-03-6 C2H5I
1-NONADECENE 1-NONADECENE 18435-45-5 C19H38
N-TETRATETRACONTANE N-TETRATETRACONTANE 7098-22-8 C44H90
Chlorobenzene Chlorobenzene 108-90-7 C6H5Cl
2,5-DIFLUOROIODOBENZENE 2,5-DIFLUOROIODOBENZENE 2265-92-1 C6H3F2I
2-BROMO-4-FLUORO-5-NITROPHENOL 2-BROMO-4-FLUORO-5-NITROPHENOL 84478-87-5 C6H3BrFNO3
5-CHLORO-2-METHOXYBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 5-CHLORO-2-METHOXYBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 22952-32-5 C7H6Cl2O3S
alpha,alpha'-Dichloro-p-xylene alpha,alpha'-Dichloro-p-xylene 623-25-6 C8H8Cl2
CYCLOHEPTANE CYCLOHEPTANE 291-64-5 C7H14
CYCLOOCTENE CYCLOOCTENE 931-87-3 C8H14
1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane 1,2,5,6,9,10-Hexabromocyclododecane 3194-55-6 C12H18Br6
1,2,3-Trifluorobenzene 1,2,3-Trifluorobenzene 1489-53-8 C6H3F3
Anthracene Anthracene 120-12-7 C14H10
1,2-Dibromocyclopentene 1,2-Dibromocyclopentene 75415-78-0 C5H6Br2
1-Phenyl-2-nitropropene 1-Phenyl-2-nitropropene 705-60-2 C9H9NO2
Bromochloromethane Bromochloromethane 74-97-5 CH2BrCl
2,5-Norbornadiene 2,5-Norbornadiene 121-46-0 C7H8
1,2-Dichloro-4-(chloromethyl)benzene 1,2-Dichloro-4-(chloromethyl)benzene 102-47-6 C7H5Cl3
Cyclopentyl chloride Cyclopentyl chloride 930-28-9 C5H9Cl
Octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane Octaphenylcyclotetrasiloxane 546-56-5 C48H40O4Si4
4-Bromophenylacetylene 4-Bromophenylacetylene 766-96-1 C8H5Br
2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene 2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene 939-26-4 C11H9Br
CYCLOHEXYL ISOCYANIDE CYCLOHEXYL ISOCYANIDE 931-53-3 C7H11N
p-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene 352-32-9 C7H7F
Benzocyclobutene Benzocyclobutene 694-87-1 C8H8
2-Methylbenzyl bromide 2-Methylbenzyl bromide 89-92-9 C8H9Br
1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene 1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene 19752-55-7 C6H3BrCl2
2-Chlorobenzyl bromide 2-Chlorobenzyl bromide 611-17-6 C7H6BrCl
Dichloromethane Dichloromethane 75-09-2 CH2Cl2
1-BROMO-2,3,4,5-TETRAFLUOROBENZENE 1-BROMO-2,3,4,5-TETRAFLUOROBENZENE 1074-91-5 C6HBrF4
2-METHYLSTYRENE 2-METHYLSTYRENE 611-15-4 C9H10
Methylcyclohexane Methylcyclohexane 108-87-2 C7H14
1,5-Cyclooctadiene 1,5-Cyclooctadiene 111-78-4 C8H12
Cyclooctane Cyclooctane 292-64-8 C8H16
(S)-(+)-Epichlorohydrin (S)-(+)-Epichlorohydrin 67843-74-7 C3H5ClO
1-Methylcyclopentene 1-Methylcyclopentene 693-89-0 C6H10
Dibromomethane Dibromomethane 74-95-3 CH2Br2
Methyl 2-bromomethyl-3-nitrobenzoate Methyl 2-bromomethyl-3-nitrobenzoate 98475-07-1 C9H8BrNO4
(Bromomethyl)cyclopropane (Bromomethyl)cyclopropane 7051-34-5 C4H7Br
1,2,3,4-TETRAPHENYL-1,3-CYCLOPENTADIENE 1,2,3,4-TETRAPHENYL-1,3-CYCLOPENTADIENE 15570-45-3 C29H22
1-Fluoro-2-iodobenzene 1-Fluoro-2-iodobenzene 348-52-7 C6H4FI
4-Bromo-2-fluorobiphenyl 4-Bromo-2-fluorobiphenyl 41604-19-7 C12H8BrF
1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene 1-Chloro-4-fluorobenzene 352-33-0 C6H4ClF
Cyclopentene oxide Cyclopentene oxide 285-67-6 C5H8O
2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxirane 2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxirane 598-09-4 C4H7ClO
4-Nitrophenylboronic acid pinacol ester 4-Nitrophenylboronic acid pinacol ester 171364-83-3 C12H16BNO4
2,4-BIS(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)BENZONITRILE 2,4-BIS(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)BENZONITRILE 177952-38-4 C9H3F6N
CIS-STILBENE CIS-STILBENE 645-49-8 C14H12
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