Hydrocarbons and derivatives

Hydrocarbon compounds are also known as hydrocarbons. They are compounds only containing two elements, hydrogen and carbon. When their molecular hydrogen atoms are replaced by various kinds of other element atoms or atom groups, we can obtain various kinds of hydrocarbon derivatives. German chemist Schorlemmer had discovered butane and other hydrocarbons, and is thus known as the founder of the hydrocarbon chemistry. There are many types of hydrocarbons with number of hydrocarbons with known structure being over 2,000 kinds. Based on the connecting way of carbon bonds, they are divided into chain hydrocarbon and cyclic hydrocarbon, two types with the former one having its carbon atoms connected in a chain shape. According to the saturation degree of hydrogen atom on valence bonds, they are divided into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons are namely alkanes, such as methane, ethane and so on; unsaturated hydrocarbons include olefin and alkynes with representation being ethylene and acetylene. Cyclic hydrocarbon has its intramolecular carbon bonds connected into a closed ring. It includes two kinds, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. There are many similarities between alicyclic hydrocarbons and chain hydrocarbon. General cyclic hydrocarbons are similar to hydrocarbons while cyclic olefin and cyclic alkyne are respectively similar as alkenes and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons mainly refer to hydrocarbons containing benzene ring structure.

Chain hydrocarbon is also known as aliphatic hydrocarbon due to that during the initial study; it was found that oil lipid contained many of these open chain compounds. The naming of alicyclic hydrocarbons is due to its similar nature as aliphatic hydrocarbons. The nature of aromatic hydrocarbon is different from other hydrocarbons while first discovered several compounds are all scented, leading to the name which is still in use today.

Oil, gas and coal are the main source of hydrocarbons. Petroleum refining can give a variety of alkane mixture such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, etc; oil cracking, reforming give various kinds of olefins, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal tar contains various kinds of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, naphthalene, etc.). Many kinds of higher hydrocarbons are presented in plants such as the pigments contained in tomatoes and carrots. The wax of many kinds of plants and animals also contains higher content of alkanes. For example, beeswax contains C27H56 and C31H64; wax of spinach leaves contains C33H68, C35H72, and C37H76; wax of cabbage leaves contains C29H60 and so on. The main component of natural rubber, polyisoprene also belongs to hydrocarbon. An important application of hydrocarbons is being used as fuel and chemical raw materials. Through secondary processing of petroleum, it can give ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, xylene and naphthalene, and other basic organic industrial raw materials. From these materials, we can further prepare styrene, ethanol, acetone and other chemicals. Re-use of these raw materials can be used for manufacturing of a variety of plastics, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibers and fine chemical products. Hydrocarbons may also be used as food for certain bacteria to utilize with those proteins (oil protein) excreted by these bacteria proteins being applied as feed. The national scale and level of processing and application of hydrocarbons may reflect the extent of economic and technological development of a country.

Hydrocarbon derivative refers to the general term of many kinds of complicated compound derived from hydrocarbon molecules with one or more hydrogen atoms being substituted by other atoms or atoms groups. Compounds derived from halogen substitution are called halogenated hydrocarbon; derived from hydroxy substitution are called alcohols or phenols; derived from carboxy substitution are called carboxylic acids. Ester, acyl halide, acid anhydride, amides, aldehydes, ketones, amines and nitriles, etc. can be considered to be the compounds derived from hydrocarbons with intramolecular hydrogen atoms being substituted by corresponding atoms. During early 19th century, German chemist Schorlemmer, based on years of experimental and theoretical studies, had first defined organic chemistry as chemistry concerning hydrocarbons and their derivatives. This definition is formulated based on the principles of atom combination theory, being more reasonable and advanced than all the previous definitions, thus further being adopted by many chemists. However, the problem is that it doesn’t distinguish the difference between organic and inorganic substances. The definition of Schorlemmer had greatly promoted the development of the theory regarding to the organic chemistry structure. He was the first man who defined organic compound as above scientific classifications, establishing a scientific system. He was the first man who divided organics into aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and further classified aliphatic compounds into hydrocarbons (saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons), halocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters and so on.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
3-Nitrophenylboronic acid 3-Nitrophenylboronic acid 13331-27-6 C6H6BNO4
2-FLUORO-6-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)BENZYL BROMIDE 2-FLUORO-6-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)BENZYL BROMIDE 239087-08-2 C8H5BrF4
3,5-Di-tert-butylbromobenzene 3,5-Di-tert-butylbromobenzene 22385-77-9 C14H21Br
1,3,5-Tri-tert-butylbenzene 1,3,5-Tri-tert-butylbenzene 1460-02-2 C18H30
1-OCTENE 1-OCTENE 111-66-0 C8H16
2,4,6-Trimethybromombenzene 2,4,6-Trimethybromombenzene 576-83-0 C9H11Br
2-Bromo-6-nitrophenol 2-Bromo-6-nitrophenol 13073-25-1 C6H4BrNO3
3-FLUOROBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 3-FLUOROBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 701-27-9 C6H4ClFO2S
2'-HYDROXY-5'-NITROACETOPHENONE 2'-HYDROXY-5'-NITROACETOPHENONE 1450-76-6 C8H7NO4
2-Methylbenzyl chloride 2-Methylbenzyl chloride 552-45-4 C8H9Cl
4-Chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid 4-Chloro-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid 118-97-8 C7H3ClN2O6
Benzyl bromide Benzyl bromide 100-39-0 C7H7Br
m-Nitrobenzoyl chloride m-Nitrobenzoyl chloride 121-90-4 C7H4ClNO3
2-Methyl-2-butene 2-Methyl-2-butene 513-35-9 C5H10
1,2-Dibromobenzene 1,2-Dibromobenzene 583-53-9 C6H4Br2
Pentamethylbenzene Pentamethylbenzene 700-12-9 C11H16
2,6-DICHLOROBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 2,6-DICHLOROBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 6579-54-0 C6H3Cl3O2S
3-Nitrobenzaldehyde 3-Nitrobenzaldehyde 99-61-6 C7H5NO3
1,3,5-Triisopropylbenzene 1,3,5-Triisopropylbenzene 717-74-8 C15H24
2,3-Difluoro-6-nitroanisole 2,3-Difluoro-6-nitroanisole 66684-65-9 C7H4F3NO3
4-Fluorobenzyl chloride 4-Fluorobenzyl chloride 352-11-4 C7H6ClF
ETHYL 4-NITROBENZOATE ETHYL 4-NITROBENZOATE 100-12-9 C8H9NO2
4-FLUORO-2-IODOTOLUENE 4-FLUORO-2-IODOTOLUENE 13194-67-7 C7H6FI
3-Methyl-2-nitrophenol 3-Methyl-2-nitrophenol 4920-77-8 C7H7NO3
2-Bromo-4-nitrotoluene 2-Bromo-4-nitrotoluene 7745-93-9 C7H6BrNO2
4-Methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid 4-Methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid 96-98-0 C8H7NO4
alpha,alpha'-Dibromo-p-xylene alpha,alpha'-Dibromo-p-xylene 623-24-5 C8H8Br2
2-(Trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyl chloride 2-(Trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonyl chloride 776-04-5 C7H4ClF3O2S
2,4-Difluoroiodobenzene 2,4-Difluoroiodobenzene 2265-93-2 C6H3F2I
2-BROMO-4'-PHENYLACETOPHENONE 2-BROMO-4'-PHENYLACETOPHENONE 135-73-9 C14H11BrO
2,2-Dimethylbutane 2,2-Dimethylbutane 75-83-2 C6H14
2-METHYL-6-NITROBENZOIC ACID 2-METHYL-6-NITROBENZOIC ACID 13506-76-8 C8H7NO4
4-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride 4-Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride 98-74-8 C6H4ClNO4S
1,4-Diacetoxybenzene 1,4-Diacetoxybenzene 1205-91-0 C10H10O4
p-Toluenesulfonamide p-Toluenesulfonamide 70-55-3 C7H9NO2S
4'-Methyl-2-cyanobiphenyl 4'-Methyl-2-cyanobiphenyl 114772-53-1 C14H11N
4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid 96-99-1 C7H4ClNO4
4-Nitrophenyl chloroformate 4-Nitrophenyl chloroformate 7693-46-1 C7H4ClNO4
4-Fluoro-3-nitrobenzyl bromide 4-Fluoro-3-nitrobenzyl bromide 15017-52-4 C7H5BrFNO2
4-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzonitrile 4-Hydroxy-3-nitrobenzonitrile 3272-08-0 C7H4N2O3
4-Phenyl-1-butene 4-Phenyl-1-butene 768-56-9 C10H12
4,5-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzoic acid 4,5-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzoic acid 4998-07-6 C9H9NO6
4-Cyano-4'-ethylbiphenyl 4-Cyano-4'-ethylbiphenyl 58743-75-2 C15H13N
1-HEPTENE 1-HEPTENE 592-76-7 C7H14
4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide 4-(Trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide 830-43-3 C7H6F3NO2S
4-Chloro-5-sulphamoylbenzoic acid 4-Chloro-5-sulphamoylbenzoic acid 1205-30-7 C7H6ClNO4S
1-Bromo-3-iodobenzene 1-Bromo-3-iodobenzene 591-18-4 C6H4BrI
1,4-Dibromobutane 1,4-Dibromobutane 110-52-1 C4H8Br2
4,4'-Biphenol 4,4'-Biphenol 92-88-6 C12H10O2
2-(Trifluoromethoxy)aniline 2-(Trifluoromethoxy)aniline 1535-75-7 C7H6F3NO
3-Methoxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid 3-Methoxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid 5081-36-7 C8H7NO5
3-Iodotoluene 3-Iodotoluene 625-95-6 C7H7I
Bromodiphenylmethane Bromodiphenylmethane 776-74-9 C13H11Br
5-Nitrosalicylaldehyde 5-Nitrosalicylaldehyde 97-51-8 C7H5NO4
N-Methyl-N-nitrosotoluene-4-sulphonamide N-Methyl-N-nitrosotoluene-4-sulphonamide 80-11-5 C8H10N2O3S
2,7-Dibromofluorene 2,7-Dibromofluorene 16433-88-8 C13H8Br2
1,4-Diphenoxybenzene 1,4-Diphenoxybenzene 3061-36-7 C18H14O2
2-Nitrophenylhydrazine hydrochloride 2-Nitrophenylhydrazine hydrochloride 6293-87-4 C6H8ClN3O2
1,3-DIACETYLBENZENE 1,3-DIACETYLBENZENE 6781-42-6 C10H10O2
Ethyl p-toluenesulfonate Ethyl p-toluenesulfonate 80-40-0 C9H12O3S
Tiron Tiron 149-45-1 C6H7NaO8S2
2,5-DIMETHYLBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 2,5-DIMETHYLBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 19040-62-1 C8H9ClO2S
Bis-2,6-N,N-(2-hydroxyethyl)diaminotoluene Bis-2,6-N,N-(2-hydroxyethyl)diaminotoluene 149330-25-6 C11H18N2O2
Allyl bromide Allyl bromide 106-95-6 C3H5Br
Tetradecane Tetradecane 629-59-4 C14H30
Naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid Naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid 120-18-3 C10H8O3S
2-Amino-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid 2-Amino-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid 88-51-7 C7H8ClNO3S
2-(Trifluoromethyl)benzyl bromide 2-(Trifluoromethyl)benzyl bromide 395-44-8 C8H6BrF3
1-BROMO-3-FLUORO-4-IODOBENZENE 1-BROMO-3-FLUORO-4-IODOBENZENE 105931-73-5 C6H3BrFI
3,5-DIFLUOROBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 3,5-DIFLUOROBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 210532-25-5 C6H3ClF2O2S
Sodium p-toluenesulfinate Sodium p-toluenesulfinate 824-79-3 C7H7NaO2S
4-Phenylphenol 4-Phenylphenol 92-69-3 C12H10O
2,4-Dichlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride 2,4-Dichlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride 16271-33-3 C6H3Cl3O2S
2-MESITYLENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 2-MESITYLENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 3453-83-6 C9H12O3S
1-Bromotetradecane 1-Bromotetradecane 112-71-0 C14H29Br
2,4-Difluorobenzyl bromide 2,4-Difluorobenzyl bromide 23915-07-3 C7H5BrF2
3,4,5-Trimethoxytoluene 3,4,5-Trimethoxytoluene 6443-69-2 C10H14O3
5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine 2217-41-6 C10H13N
1-Iodo-3-nitrobenzene 1-Iodo-3-nitrobenzene 645-00-1 C6H4INO2
2-Bromobenzyl bromide 2-Bromobenzyl bromide 3433-80-5 C7H6Br2
3,4-Diaminotoluene 3,4-Diaminotoluene 496-72-0 C7H10N2
4-Bromo-3-nitrobenzoic acid 4-Bromo-3-nitrobenzoic acid 6319-40-0 C7H4BrNO4
1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene 1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene 583-55-1 C6H4BrI
3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid 99-34-3 C7H4N2O6
1,3-Diphenylbenzene 1,3-Diphenylbenzene 92-06-8 C18H14
4-Bromobenzyl bromide 4-Bromobenzyl bromide 589-15-1 C7H6Br2
2-Amino-4-nitrophenol 2-Amino-4-nitrophenol 99-57-0 C6H6N2O3
4-Methylbenzyl bromide 4-Methylbenzyl bromide 104-81-4 C8H9Br
2-Nitrophenylacetic acid 2-Nitrophenylacetic acid 3740-52-1 C8H7NO4
2-Fluoro-4-nitrotoluene 2-Fluoro-4-nitrotoluene 1427-07-2 C7H6FNO2
3-Chlorobenzyl bromide 3-Chlorobenzyl bromide 766-80-3 C7H6BrCl
4-Chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride 4-Chlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride 98-60-2 C6H4Cl2O2S
4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride 4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride 98-58-8 C6H4BrClO2S
1-Bromododecane 1-Bromododecane 143-15-7 C12H25Br
SEC-BUTYLBENZENE SEC-BUTYLBENZENE 135-98-8 C10H14
2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 507-19-7 C4H9Br
Squalane Squalane 111-01-3 C30H62
Sodium 3-nitrobenzoate Sodium 3-nitrobenzoate 827-95-2 C7H6NNaO4
3,5-Dinitro-4-methylbenzoic acid 3,5-Dinitro-4-methylbenzoic acid 16533-71-4 C8H6N2O6
1,4-Dibromobenzene 1,4-Dibromobenzene 106-37-6 C6H4Br2
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