Hydrocarbons and derivatives

Hydrocarbon compounds are also known as hydrocarbons. They are compounds only containing two elements, hydrogen and carbon. When their molecular hydrogen atoms are replaced by various kinds of other element atoms or atom groups, we can obtain various kinds of hydrocarbon derivatives. German chemist Schorlemmer had discovered butane and other hydrocarbons, and is thus known as the founder of the hydrocarbon chemistry. There are many types of hydrocarbons with number of hydrocarbons with known structure being over 2,000 kinds. Based on the connecting way of carbon bonds, they are divided into chain hydrocarbon and cyclic hydrocarbon, two types with the former one having its carbon atoms connected in a chain shape. According to the saturation degree of hydrogen atom on valence bonds, they are divided into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons are namely alkanes, such as methane, ethane and so on; unsaturated hydrocarbons include olefin and alkynes with representation being ethylene and acetylene. Cyclic hydrocarbon has its intramolecular carbon bonds connected into a closed ring. It includes two kinds, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. There are many similarities between alicyclic hydrocarbons and chain hydrocarbon. General cyclic hydrocarbons are similar to hydrocarbons while cyclic olefin and cyclic alkyne are respectively similar as alkenes and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons mainly refer to hydrocarbons containing benzene ring structure.

Chain hydrocarbon is also known as aliphatic hydrocarbon due to that during the initial study; it was found that oil lipid contained many of these open chain compounds. The naming of alicyclic hydrocarbons is due to its similar nature as aliphatic hydrocarbons. The nature of aromatic hydrocarbon is different from other hydrocarbons while first discovered several compounds are all scented, leading to the name which is still in use today.

Oil, gas and coal are the main source of hydrocarbons. Petroleum refining can give a variety of alkane mixture such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, etc; oil cracking, reforming give various kinds of olefins, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal tar contains various kinds of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, naphthalene, etc.). Many kinds of higher hydrocarbons are presented in plants such as the pigments contained in tomatoes and carrots. The wax of many kinds of plants and animals also contains higher content of alkanes. For example, beeswax contains C27H56 and C31H64; wax of spinach leaves contains C33H68, C35H72, and C37H76; wax of cabbage leaves contains C29H60 and so on. The main component of natural rubber, polyisoprene also belongs to hydrocarbon. An important application of hydrocarbons is being used as fuel and chemical raw materials. Through secondary processing of petroleum, it can give ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, xylene and naphthalene, and other basic organic industrial raw materials. From these materials, we can further prepare styrene, ethanol, acetone and other chemicals. Re-use of these raw materials can be used for manufacturing of a variety of plastics, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibers and fine chemical products. Hydrocarbons may also be used as food for certain bacteria to utilize with those proteins (oil protein) excreted by these bacteria proteins being applied as feed. The national scale and level of processing and application of hydrocarbons may reflect the extent of economic and technological development of a country.

Hydrocarbon derivative refers to the general term of many kinds of complicated compound derived from hydrocarbon molecules with one or more hydrogen atoms being substituted by other atoms or atoms groups. Compounds derived from halogen substitution are called halogenated hydrocarbon; derived from hydroxy substitution are called alcohols or phenols; derived from carboxy substitution are called carboxylic acids. Ester, acyl halide, acid anhydride, amides, aldehydes, ketones, amines and nitriles, etc. can be considered to be the compounds derived from hydrocarbons with intramolecular hydrogen atoms being substituted by corresponding atoms. During early 19th century, German chemist Schorlemmer, based on years of experimental and theoretical studies, had first defined organic chemistry as chemistry concerning hydrocarbons and their derivatives. This definition is formulated based on the principles of atom combination theory, being more reasonable and advanced than all the previous definitions, thus further being adopted by many chemists. However, the problem is that it doesn’t distinguish the difference between organic and inorganic substances. The definition of Schorlemmer had greatly promoted the development of the theory regarding to the organic chemistry structure. He was the first man who defined organic compound as above scientific classifications, establishing a scientific system. He was the first man who divided organics into aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and further classified aliphatic compounds into hydrocarbons (saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons), halocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters and so on.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
6-Bromo-1-hexene 6-Bromo-1-hexene 2695-47-8 C6H11Br
1-BROMO-2,4,6-TRIISOPROPYLBENZENE 1-BROMO-2,4,6-TRIISOPROPYLBENZENE 21524-34-5 C15H23Br
Thiane Thiane 1613-51-0 C5H10S
Tris(4-nitrophenyl)amine Tris(4-nitrophenyl)amine 20440-93-1 C18H12N4O6
CIS-2-PENTENE CIS-2-PENTENE 627-20-3 C5H10
1-CHLORO-2-ETHYNYLBENZENE 1-CHLORO-2-ETHYNYLBENZENE 873-31-4 C8H5Cl
IODOCYCLOHEXANE IODOCYCLOHEXANE 626-62-0 C6H11I
2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoropropyl iodide 2,2,3,3-Tetrafluoropropyl iodide 679-87-8 C3H3F4I
Hexaphenylcyclotrisiloxane Hexaphenylcyclotrisiloxane 512-63-0 C36H30O3Si3
2,6-DIFLUORO-3-NITROBENZOIC ACID 2,6-DIFLUORO-3-NITROBENZOIC ACID 83141-10-0 C7H3F2NO4
1-(Benzyloxy)-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzene 1-(Benzyloxy)-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzene 20876-37-3 C14H13NO3
1,3-Butadiene diepoxide 1,3-Butadiene diepoxide 1464-53-5 C4H6O2
2-BROMO-4-CHLORO-6-NITROPHENYLAMINE 2-BROMO-4-CHLORO-6-NITROPHENYLAMINE 827-25-8 C6H4BrClN2O2
2,4-DINITROBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 2,4-DINITROBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 1656-44-6 C6H3ClN2O6S
(S)-(-)-Propylene oxide (S)-(-)-Propylene oxide 16088-62-3 C3H6O
ETHYLENE SULFIDE ETHYLENE SULFIDE 420-12-2 C2H4S
1,3,5-Tris(bromomethyl)benzene 1,3,5-Tris(bromomethyl)benzene 18226-42-1 C9H9Br3
4-Iodobiphenyl 4-Iodobiphenyl 1591-31-7 C12H9I
Trimethylboroxine Trimethylboroxine 823-96-1 C3H9B3O3
2-(DIFLUOROMETHOXY)BROMOBENZENE 2-(DIFLUOROMETHOXY)BROMOBENZENE 175278-33-8 C7H5BrF2O
3,5-Difluorobenzyl bromide 3,5-Difluorobenzyl bromide 141776-91-2 C7H5BrF2
4-Bromo-2-nitrobenzyl alcohol 4-Bromo-2-nitrobenzyl alcohol 22996-19-6 C7H6BrNO3
Chloroiodomethane Chloroiodomethane 593-71-5 CH2ClI
CHLORODIBROMOMETHANE CHLORODIBROMOMETHANE 124-48-1 CHBr2Cl
Xylene Xylene 1330-20-7 C8H10
2-ETHYL-1-BUTENE 2-ETHYL-1-BUTENE 760-21-4 C6H12
1,3-CYCLOOCTADIENE 1,3-CYCLOOCTADIENE 1700-10-3 C8H12
1,3,5-Tris[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)methyl]cyclotrisiloxane 1,3,5-Tris[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)methyl]cyclotrisiloxane 2374-14-3 C12H21F9O3Si3
2-CHLORO-6-NITROANILINE 2-CHLORO-6-NITROANILINE 769-11-9 C6H5ClN2O2
5-METHYL-1-HEXENE 5-METHYL-1-HEXENE 3524-73-0 C7H14
N-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)morpholine N-(1-Cyclohexen-1-yl)morpholine 670-80-4 C10H17NO
DECACYCLENE DECACYCLENE 191-48-0 C36H18
2,4,6-Tris(bromomethyl)mesitylene 2,4,6-Tris(bromomethyl)mesitylene 21988-87-4 C12H15Br3
Bromocyclohexane Bromocyclohexane 108-85-0 C6H11Br
1,3-HEXADIENE 1,3-HEXADIENE 592-48-3 C6H10
2,3-Dibromopropene 2,3-Dibromopropene 513-31-5 C3H4Br2
1,4-Dichloro-2-butyne 1,4-Dichloro-2-butyne 821-10-3 C4H4Cl2
ETHYLCYCLOPENTANE ETHYLCYCLOPENTANE 1640-89-7 C7H14
GLYCIDYL METHYL ETHER GLYCIDYL METHYL ETHER 930-37-0 C4H8O2
1-(2-BROMOETHYL)-4-FLUOROBENZENE 1-(2-BROMOETHYL)-4-FLUOROBENZENE 332-42-3 C8H8BrF
1-Fluoro-3-iodobenzene 1-Fluoro-3-iodobenzene 1121-86-4 C6H4FI
DIPHENYLFULVENE DIPHENYLFULVENE 2175-90-8 C18H14
2-FLUORO-3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)BENZYL BROMIDE 2-FLUORO-3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)BENZYL BROMIDE 184970-25-0 C8H5BrF4
1-ETHYNYL-2-FLUOROBENZENE 1-ETHYNYL-2-FLUOROBENZENE 766-49-4 C8H5F
1,3-DICHLORO-2-METHYL-5-NITROBENZENE 1,3-DICHLORO-2-METHYL-5-NITROBENZENE 7149-69-1 C7H5Cl2NO2
N-HEPTYLCYCLOHEXANE N-HEPTYLCYCLOHEXANE 5617-41-4 C13H26
1,4-Pentadien-3-ol 1,4-Pentadien-3-ol 922-65-6 C5H8O
2,5-BIS(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)BENZYL BROMIDE 2,5-BIS(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)BENZYL BROMIDE 302911-98-4 C9H5BrF6
4-Bromo-1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene 4-Bromo-1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene 327-75-3 C8H3BrF6
1-BROMO-2-BUTYNE 1-BROMO-2-BUTYNE 3355-28-0 C4H5Br
TRANS-1,2-DICHLOROCYCLOHEXANE TRANS-1,2-DICHLOROCYCLOHEXANE 822-86-6 C6H10Cl2
1-Bromo-2,3,5-trifluorobenzene 1-Bromo-2,3,5-trifluorobenzene 133739-70-5 C6H2BrF3
3,4-Difluorobenzyl bromide 3,4-Difluorobenzyl bromide 85118-01-0 C7H5BrF2
5-NORBORNENE-2-OL 5-NORBORNENE-2-OL 13080-90-5 C7H10O
N-OCTYLCYCLOHEXANE N-OCTYLCYCLOHEXANE 1795-15-9 C14H28
TRANS-5-DECENE TRANS-5-DECENE 7433-56-9 C10H20
2-BROMO-6-CHLOROBENZOTRIFLUORIDE 2-BROMO-6-CHLOROBENZOTRIFLUORIDE 857061-44-0 C7H3BrClF3
1,2-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 78-87-5 C3H6Cl2
3-METHYL-1-CYCLOHEXENE 3-METHYL-1-CYCLOHEXENE 591-48-0 C7H12
4-METHYL-1-HEXENE 4-METHYL-1-HEXENE 3769-23-1 C7H14
3-METHYL-1-PENTENE 3-METHYL-1-PENTENE 760-20-3 C6H12
1,2-DIBROMOHEXAFLUOROCYCLOBUTANE 1,2-DIBROMOHEXAFLUOROCYCLOBUTANE 377-40-2 C4Br2F6
2-BROMO-1-CHLOROPROPANE 2-BROMO-1-CHLOROPROPANE 3017-95-6 C3H6BrCl
2,2-DIPHENYLOXIRANE 2,2-DIPHENYLOXIRANE 882-59-7 C14H12O
1-BROMO-2,3,5-TRICHLOROBENZENE 1-BROMO-2,3,5-TRICHLOROBENZENE 81067-38-1 C6H2BrCl3
alpha-Pinene oxide alpha-Pinene oxide 72936-74-4 C10H16O
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 95-63-6 C9H12
PERFLUOROCYCLOHEXANE PERFLUOROCYCLOHEXANE 355-68-0 C6F12
Cylopropylmethyl chloride Cylopropylmethyl chloride 5911-08-0 C4H7Cl
3,5-Dichloroiodobenzene 3,5-Dichloroiodobenzene 3032-81-3 C6H3Cl2I
5-Bromo-1,3-dichloro-2-fluorobenzene 5-Bromo-1,3-dichloro-2-fluorobenzene 17318-08-0 C6H2BrCl2F
3-Iodobenzyl bromide 3-Iodobenzyl bromide 49617-83-6 C7H6BrI
4-BROMO-2-CHLOROTOLUENE 4-BROMO-2-CHLOROTOLUENE 89794-02-5 C7H6BrCl
2-HYDROXYMETHYLOXETANE 2-HYDROXYMETHYLOXETANE 61266-70-4 C4H8O2
TRANS-4-METHYL-2-PENTENE TRANS-4-METHYL-2-PENTENE 674-76-0 C6H12
1,4-DICHLORO-2-IODOBENZENE 1,4-DICHLORO-2-IODOBENZENE 29682-41-5 C6H3Cl2I
1-BROMO-4-DIFLUOROMETHYLBENZENE 1-BROMO-4-DIFLUOROMETHYLBENZENE 51776-71-7 C7H5BrF2
Pentafluorobenzene Pentafluorobenzene 363-72-4 C6HF5
2,4,6-TRIBROMOTOLUENE 2,4,6-TRIBROMOTOLUENE 6320-40-7 C7H5Br3
TRANS,TRANS,TRANS-1,5,9-CYCLODODECATRIENE TRANS,TRANS,TRANS-1,5,9-CYCLODODECATRIENE 676-22-2 C12H18
3-ETHYL-2-PENTENE 3-ETHYL-2-PENTENE 816-79-5 C7H14
1,5,9-DECATRIENE 1,5,9-DECATRIENE 13393-64-1 C10H16
CYCLODECANE CYCLODECANE 293-96-9 C10H20
1-BROMO-2-METHYLPROPENE 1-BROMO-2-METHYLPROPENE 3017-69-4 C4H7Br
2-BROMO-1-FLUORO-4-IODOBENZENE 2-BROMO-1-FLUORO-4-IODOBENZENE 811842-30-5 C6H3BrFI
HYDROXYDICYCLOPENTADIENE HYDROXYDICYCLOPENTADIENE 37275-49-3 C10H14O
1,2-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene 1,2-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene 612-12-4 C8H8Cl2
1-Chloronaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene 90-13-1 C10H7Cl
METHYLSTYRENE METHYLSTYRENE 25013-15-4 C9H10
TRANS-2-PENTENE TRANS-2-PENTENE 109-68-2 C5H10
8-BROMO-IMIDAZO[1,2-A]PYRIDINE 8-BROMO-IMIDAZO[1,2-A]PYRIDINE 850349-02-9 C7H5BrN2
2-Nitrotoluene 2-Nitrotoluene 88-72-2 C7H7NO2
P-XYLENE P-XYLENE 106-42-3 C8H10
ISOBUTYLCYCLOBUTANE ISOBUTYLCYCLOBUTANE 1678-98-4 C10H20
DL-Limonene DL-Limonene 138-86-3 C10H16
2-(2-CHLOROETHOXY)-BENZENESULFONAMIDE 2-(2-CHLOROETHOXY)-BENZENESULFONAMIDE 82097-01-6 C8H10ClNO3S
Cumene Cumene 98-82-8 C9H12
DODECYLCYCLOHEXANE DODECYLCYCLOHEXANE 1795-17-1 C18H36
7-Bromo-1-heptene 7-Bromo-1-heptene 4117-09-3 C7H13Br
TRANS-3-HEPTENE TRANS-3-HEPTENE 14686-14-7 C7H14
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