Hydrocarbons and derivatives

Hydrocarbon compounds are also known as hydrocarbons. They are compounds only containing two elements, hydrogen and carbon. When their molecular hydrogen atoms are replaced by various kinds of other element atoms or atom groups, we can obtain various kinds of hydrocarbon derivatives. German chemist Schorlemmer had discovered butane and other hydrocarbons, and is thus known as the founder of the hydrocarbon chemistry. There are many types of hydrocarbons with number of hydrocarbons with known structure being over 2,000 kinds. Based on the connecting way of carbon bonds, they are divided into chain hydrocarbon and cyclic hydrocarbon, two types with the former one having its carbon atoms connected in a chain shape. According to the saturation degree of hydrogen atom on valence bonds, they are divided into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons are namely alkanes, such as methane, ethane and so on; unsaturated hydrocarbons include olefin and alkynes with representation being ethylene and acetylene. Cyclic hydrocarbon has its intramolecular carbon bonds connected into a closed ring. It includes two kinds, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. There are many similarities between alicyclic hydrocarbons and chain hydrocarbon. General cyclic hydrocarbons are similar to hydrocarbons while cyclic olefin and cyclic alkyne are respectively similar as alkenes and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons mainly refer to hydrocarbons containing benzene ring structure.

Chain hydrocarbon is also known as aliphatic hydrocarbon due to that during the initial study; it was found that oil lipid contained many of these open chain compounds. The naming of alicyclic hydrocarbons is due to its similar nature as aliphatic hydrocarbons. The nature of aromatic hydrocarbon is different from other hydrocarbons while first discovered several compounds are all scented, leading to the name which is still in use today.

Oil, gas and coal are the main source of hydrocarbons. Petroleum refining can give a variety of alkane mixture such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, etc; oil cracking, reforming give various kinds of olefins, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal tar contains various kinds of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, naphthalene, etc.). Many kinds of higher hydrocarbons are presented in plants such as the pigments contained in tomatoes and carrots. The wax of many kinds of plants and animals also contains higher content of alkanes. For example, beeswax contains C27H56 and C31H64; wax of spinach leaves contains C33H68, C35H72, and C37H76; wax of cabbage leaves contains C29H60 and so on. The main component of natural rubber, polyisoprene also belongs to hydrocarbon. An important application of hydrocarbons is being used as fuel and chemical raw materials. Through secondary processing of petroleum, it can give ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, xylene and naphthalene, and other basic organic industrial raw materials. From these materials, we can further prepare styrene, ethanol, acetone and other chemicals. Re-use of these raw materials can be used for manufacturing of a variety of plastics, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibers and fine chemical products. Hydrocarbons may also be used as food for certain bacteria to utilize with those proteins (oil protein) excreted by these bacteria proteins being applied as feed. The national scale and level of processing and application of hydrocarbons may reflect the extent of economic and technological development of a country.

Hydrocarbon derivative refers to the general term of many kinds of complicated compound derived from hydrocarbon molecules with one or more hydrogen atoms being substituted by other atoms or atoms groups. Compounds derived from halogen substitution are called halogenated hydrocarbon; derived from hydroxy substitution are called alcohols or phenols; derived from carboxy substitution are called carboxylic acids. Ester, acyl halide, acid anhydride, amides, aldehydes, ketones, amines and nitriles, etc. can be considered to be the compounds derived from hydrocarbons with intramolecular hydrogen atoms being substituted by corresponding atoms. During early 19th century, German chemist Schorlemmer, based on years of experimental and theoretical studies, had first defined organic chemistry as chemistry concerning hydrocarbons and their derivatives. This definition is formulated based on the principles of atom combination theory, being more reasonable and advanced than all the previous definitions, thus further being adopted by many chemists. However, the problem is that it doesn’t distinguish the difference between organic and inorganic substances. The definition of Schorlemmer had greatly promoted the development of the theory regarding to the organic chemistry structure. He was the first man who defined organic compound as above scientific classifications, establishing a scientific system. He was the first man who divided organics into aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and further classified aliphatic compounds into hydrocarbons (saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons), halocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters and so on.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
1-Bromo-2,3-dichlorobenzene 1-Bromo-2,3-dichlorobenzene 56961-77-4 C6H3BrCl2
PROPYLCYCLOHEXANE PROPYLCYCLOHEXANE 1678-92-8 C9H18
1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-nitroethene 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-nitroethene 706-07-0 C8H6ClNO2
1,5-HEXADIEN-3-OL 1,5-HEXADIEN-3-OL 924-41-4 C6H10O
1,1,1,2,2,3,3-HEPTACHLOROPROPANE 1,1,1,2,2,3,3-HEPTACHLOROPROPANE 594-89-8 C3HCl7
3-METHOXY-5-NITROBENZOIC ACID 3-METHOXY-5-NITROBENZOIC ACID 78238-12-7 C8H7NO5
3-BROMO-4-NITROBENZALDEHYDE 3-BROMO-4-NITROBENZALDEHYDE 101682-68-2 C7H4BrNO3
PERFLUOROKEROSENE PERFLUOROKEROSENE
Diethyldicyclopentadiene Diethyldicyclopentadiene 307496-25-9 C14H20
1,2-EPOXY-7-OCTENE 1,2-EPOXY-7-OCTENE 19600-63-6 C8H14O
Nitromethane Nitromethane 75-52-5 CH3NO2
2-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzaldehyde 2-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzaldehyde 157701-72-9 C7H4FNO3
METHYLCYCLOHEXYLDICHLOROSILANE METHYLCYCLOHEXYLDICHLOROSILANE 5578-42-7 C7H14Cl2Si
Isobutyl iodide Isobutyl iodide 513-38-2 C4H9I
2-FLUORO-5-NITROPHENOL
2-FLUORO-5-NITROPHENOL 22510-08-3 C6H4FNO3
CIS-4-HEPTEN-1-OL CIS-4-HEPTEN-1-OL 6191-71-5 C7H14O
CIS-1-BROMO-2-ETHOXYETHYLENE CIS-1-BROMO-2-ETHOXYETHYLENE 23521-49-5 C4H7BrO
METHYL 2-HYDROXY-3-NITROBENZOATE METHYL 2-HYDROXY-3-NITROBENZOATE 22621-41-6 C8H7NO5
(1,2-DIBROMOETHYL)BENZENE (1,2-DIBROMOETHYL)BENZENE 93-52-7 C8H8Br2
1-HEPTADECENE 1-HEPTADECENE 6765-39-5 C17H34
1-ACETYL-1-CYCLOHEXENE 1-ACETYL-1-CYCLOHEXENE 932-66-1 C8H12O
2,5-DICHLORO-P-XYLENE 2,5-DICHLORO-P-XYLENE 1124-05-6 C8H8Cl2
2-METHYL-6-NITROBENZONITRILE 2-METHYL-6-NITROBENZONITRILE 1885-76-3 C8H6N2O2
8-Bromo-1-octene 8-Bromo-1-octene 2695-48-9 C8H15Br
1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 79-27-6 C2H2Br4
TRANS-4-NONENE TRANS-4-NONENE 2198-23-4 C9H18
Styrene Styrene 100-42-5 C8H8
CIS-3-NONEN-1-OL CIS-3-NONEN-1-OL 10340-23-5 C9H18O
2-Butene 2-Butene 107-01-7 C4H8
1,2-DICHLOROISOBUTANE 1,2-DICHLOROISOBUTANE 594-37-6 C4H8Cl2
TERT-BUTYLCYCLOHEXANE TERT-BUTYLCYCLOHEXANE 3178-22-1 C10H20
HEXAMETHYLENE OXIDE HEXAMETHYLENE OXIDE 592-90-5 C6H12O
2,5-DICHLOROTOLUENE 2,5-DICHLOROTOLUENE 19398-61-9 C7H6Cl2
1,8-NONADIENE 1,8-NONADIENE 4900-30-5 C9H16
2-Iodobenzyl bromide 2-Iodobenzyl bromide 40400-13-3 C7H6BrI
CIS-2-HEPTENE CIS-2-HEPTENE 6443-92-1 C7H14
3,5-Difluorochlorobenzene 3,5-Difluorochlorobenzene 1435-43-4 C6H3ClF2
3-METHYL-1-HEXENE 3-METHYL-1-HEXENE 3404-61-3 C7H14
Divinylbenzene Divinylbenzene 1321-74-0 C10H10
1-Chloro-3,4-difluorobenzene 1-Chloro-3,4-difluorobenzene 696-02-6 C6H3ClF2
TRANS-3-OCTENE TRANS-3-OCTENE 14919-01-8 C8H16
2-CYCLOHEXYLETHYL BROMIDE 2-CYCLOHEXYLETHYL BROMIDE 1647-26-3 C8H15Br
3,4-DICHLORO-OMEGA-NITROSTYRENE 3,4-DICHLORO-OMEGA-NITROSTYRENE 18984-16-2 C8H5Cl2NO2
2-METHYL-1-HEXENE 2-METHYL-1-HEXENE 6094-02-6 C7H14
2-METHYL-1-HEPTENE 2-METHYL-1-HEPTENE 15870-10-7 C8H16
1,2-DICHLOROOCTAFLUOROCYCLOHEX-1-ENE 1,2-DICHLOROOCTAFLUOROCYCLOHEX-1-ENE 336-19-6 C6Cl2F8
1,6-HEPTADIEN-4-OL 1,6-HEPTADIEN-4-OL 2883-45-6 C7H12O
1-Chloro-N,N,2-trimethylpropenylamine 1-Chloro-N,N,2-trimethylpropenylamine 26189-59-3 C6H12ClN
DIISOBUTYLENE DIISOBUTYLENE 25167-70-8 C8H16
Ethylbenzene Ethylbenzene 100-41-4 C8H10
5-Chloro-1-pentyne 5-Chloro-1-pentyne 14267-92-6 C5H7Cl
CYCLOPENTYLTRICHLOROSILANE CYCLOPENTYLTRICHLOROSILANE 14579-03-4 C5H9Cl3Si
2,5-Dibromotoluene 2,5-Dibromotoluene 615-59-8 C7H6Br2
NITROCYCLOHEXANE NITROCYCLOHEXANE 1122-60-7 C6H11NO2
2,4-Dibromo-1-fluorobenzene 2,4-Dibromo-1-fluorobenzene 1435-53-6 C6H3Br2F
1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-nitroethylene 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-nitroethylene 3156-34-1 C8H6ClNO2
Hexachloroethane Hexachloroethane 67-72-1 C2Cl6
4,4'-Bis(chloromethyl)-1,1'-biphenyl 4,4'-Bis(chloromethyl)-1,1'-biphenyl 1667-10-3 C14H12Cl2
3-Chloro-4-nitrotoluene 3-Chloro-4-nitrotoluene 38939-88-7 C7H6ClNO2
2,2'-DIBROMOBIPHENYL 2,2'-DIBROMOBIPHENYL 13029-09-9 C12H8Br2
1-FLUOROPENTANE 1-FLUOROPENTANE 592-50-7 C5H11F
1,5-Dichloropentane 1,5-Dichloropentane 628-76-2 C5H10Cl2
1-Chloromethyl naphthalene 1-Chloromethyl naphthalene 86-52-2 C11H9Cl
2-METHYL-2-PENTENE 2-METHYL-2-PENTENE 625-27-4 C6H12
1,4-DIBROMO-2-FLUOROBENZENE 1,4-DIBROMO-2-FLUOROBENZENE 1435-52-5 C6H3Br2F
2-Phenyl-1-propene 2-Phenyl-1-propene 98-83-9 C9H10
3-CHLORO-O-XYLENE 3-CHLORO-O-XYLENE 608-23-1 C8H9Cl
3-METHYLNONANE 3-METHYLNONANE 5911-04-6 C10H22
3-CYANOPROPYLTRICHLOROSILANE 3-CYANOPROPYLTRICHLOROSILANE 1071-27-8 C4H6Cl3NSi
CIS-3-HEXENE CIS-3-HEXENE 7642-09-3 C6H12
2-Bromoheptane 2-Bromoheptane 1974-04-5 C7H15Br
CYCLOHEXANONE DIETHYL ACETAL CYCLOHEXANONE DIETHYL ACETAL 1670-47-9 C10H20O2
Heptafluoroisopropyl iodide Heptafluoroisopropyl iodide 677-69-0 C3F7I
Dodecylbenzene Dodecylbenzene 123-01-3 C18H30
1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 327-54-8 C6H2F4
1-Bromononane 1-Bromononane 693-58-3 C9H19Br
4-CHLOROPHENETHYL BROMIDE  97 4-CHLOROPHENETHYL BROMIDE 97 6529-53-9 C8H8BrCl
2,3-DIFLUORO-6-NITROANISOLE 2,3-DIFLUORO-6-NITROANISOLE 66684-60-4 C7H5F2NO3
2,7-Dibromonaphthalene 2,7-Dibromonaphthalene 58556-75-5 C10H6Br2
3-Bromobenzyl chloride 3-Bromobenzyl chloride 932-77-4 C7H6BrCl
2-Methoxy-5-nitroaniline hydrochloride 2-Methoxy-5-nitroaniline hydrochloride 67827-72-9 C7H9ClN2O3
4-Nitrophenylethylamine hydrobromide 4-Nitrophenylethylamine hydrobromide 69447-84-3 C8H11BrN2O2
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene 119-64-2 C10H12
Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrachloride 56-23-5 CCl4
4-BROMO-3-NITROBENZONITRILE 4-BROMO-3-NITROBENZONITRILE 89642-49-9 C7H3BrN2O2
1-Bromo-2-ethylbutane 1-Bromo-2-ethylbutane 3814-34-4 C6H13Br
TRANS-3-HEXEN-1-OL TRANS-3-HEXEN-1-OL 928-97-2 C6H12O
CIS-HEPTACHLOREPOXIDE EXO-, ISOMER B CIS-HEPTACHLOREPOXIDE EXO-, ISOMER B 1024-57-3 C10H5Cl7O
7-OXABICYCLO[2.2.1]HEPTANE 7-OXABICYCLO[2.2.1]HEPTANE 279-49-2 C6H10O
CYCLOHEPTYL CHLORIDE CYCLOHEPTYL CHLORIDE 2453-46-5 C7H13Cl
CIS-2,3-EPOXYBUTANE CIS-2,3-EPOXYBUTANE 1758-33-4 C4H8O
3-Chlorophenylacetylene 3-Chlorophenylacetylene 766-83-6 C8H5Cl
4-Nitrotoluene 4-Nitrotoluene 99-99-0 C7H7NO2
Benzotrichloride Benzotrichloride 98-07-7 C7H5Cl3
(3-Nitrobenzyl)methylamine (3-Nitrobenzyl)methylamine 19499-61-7 C8H10N2O2
1-FLUOROHEPTANE 1-FLUOROHEPTANE 661-11-0 C7H15F
IODOCYCLOPENTANE IODOCYCLOPENTANE 1556-18-9 C5H9I
Allyl methyl carbonate Allyl methyl carbonate 35466-83-2 C5H8O3
1,1,2-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 79-00-5 C2H3Cl3
1,2-EPOXYHEPTANE 1,2-EPOXYHEPTANE 5063-65-0 C7H14O
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