Hydrocarbons and derivatives

Hydrocarbon compounds are also known as hydrocarbons. They are compounds only containing two elements, hydrogen and carbon. When their molecular hydrogen atoms are replaced by various kinds of other element atoms or atom groups, we can obtain various kinds of hydrocarbon derivatives. German chemist Schorlemmer had discovered butane and other hydrocarbons, and is thus known as the founder of the hydrocarbon chemistry. There are many types of hydrocarbons with number of hydrocarbons with known structure being over 2,000 kinds. Based on the connecting way of carbon bonds, they are divided into chain hydrocarbon and cyclic hydrocarbon, two types with the former one having its carbon atoms connected in a chain shape. According to the saturation degree of hydrogen atom on valence bonds, they are divided into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons are namely alkanes, such as methane, ethane and so on; unsaturated hydrocarbons include olefin and alkynes with representation being ethylene and acetylene. Cyclic hydrocarbon has its intramolecular carbon bonds connected into a closed ring. It includes two kinds, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. There are many similarities between alicyclic hydrocarbons and chain hydrocarbon. General cyclic hydrocarbons are similar to hydrocarbons while cyclic olefin and cyclic alkyne are respectively similar as alkenes and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons mainly refer to hydrocarbons containing benzene ring structure.

Chain hydrocarbon is also known as aliphatic hydrocarbon due to that during the initial study; it was found that oil lipid contained many of these open chain compounds. The naming of alicyclic hydrocarbons is due to its similar nature as aliphatic hydrocarbons. The nature of aromatic hydrocarbon is different from other hydrocarbons while first discovered several compounds are all scented, leading to the name which is still in use today.

Oil, gas and coal are the main source of hydrocarbons. Petroleum refining can give a variety of alkane mixture such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, etc; oil cracking, reforming give various kinds of olefins, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal tar contains various kinds of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, naphthalene, etc.). Many kinds of higher hydrocarbons are presented in plants such as the pigments contained in tomatoes and carrots. The wax of many kinds of plants and animals also contains higher content of alkanes. For example, beeswax contains C27H56 and C31H64; wax of spinach leaves contains C33H68, C35H72, and C37H76; wax of cabbage leaves contains C29H60 and so on. The main component of natural rubber, polyisoprene also belongs to hydrocarbon. An important application of hydrocarbons is being used as fuel and chemical raw materials. Through secondary processing of petroleum, it can give ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, xylene and naphthalene, and other basic organic industrial raw materials. From these materials, we can further prepare styrene, ethanol, acetone and other chemicals. Re-use of these raw materials can be used for manufacturing of a variety of plastics, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibers and fine chemical products. Hydrocarbons may also be used as food for certain bacteria to utilize with those proteins (oil protein) excreted by these bacteria proteins being applied as feed. The national scale and level of processing and application of hydrocarbons may reflect the extent of economic and technological development of a country.

Hydrocarbon derivative refers to the general term of many kinds of complicated compound derived from hydrocarbon molecules with one or more hydrogen atoms being substituted by other atoms or atoms groups. Compounds derived from halogen substitution are called halogenated hydrocarbon; derived from hydroxy substitution are called alcohols or phenols; derived from carboxy substitution are called carboxylic acids. Ester, acyl halide, acid anhydride, amides, aldehydes, ketones, amines and nitriles, etc. can be considered to be the compounds derived from hydrocarbons with intramolecular hydrogen atoms being substituted by corresponding atoms. During early 19th century, German chemist Schorlemmer, based on years of experimental and theoretical studies, had first defined organic chemistry as chemistry concerning hydrocarbons and their derivatives. This definition is formulated based on the principles of atom combination theory, being more reasonable and advanced than all the previous definitions, thus further being adopted by many chemists. However, the problem is that it doesn’t distinguish the difference between organic and inorganic substances. The definition of Schorlemmer had greatly promoted the development of the theory regarding to the organic chemistry structure. He was the first man who defined organic compound as above scientific classifications, establishing a scientific system. He was the first man who divided organics into aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and further classified aliphatic compounds into hydrocarbons (saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons), halocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters and so on.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
ALLYLCYCLOHEXYLAMINE ALLYLCYCLOHEXYLAMINE 6628-00-8 C9H17N
1H-PERFLUOROOCTANE 1H-PERFLUOROOCTANE 335-65-9 C8HF17
3-AMINOAZETIDINE 3-AMINOAZETIDINE 102065-86-1 C3H8N2
METHYLENECYCLOHEXANE METHYLENECYCLOHEXANE 1192-37-6 C7H12
3-FLUOROPHENYLACETYLENE 3-FLUOROPHENYLACETYLENE 2561-17-3 C8H5F
1,4-PENTADIENE 1,4-PENTADIENE 591-93-5 C5H8
1-BROMO-2,6-DICHLOROBENZENE 1-BROMO-2,6-DICHLOROBENZENE 19393-92-1 C6H3BrCl2
Benzene Benzene 71-43-2 C6H6
Perfluorooctyl iodide Perfluorooctyl iodide 507-63-1 C8F17I
1-Bromo-3-chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Bromo-3-chloro-2-methylpropane 6974-77-2 C4H8BrCl
5-CHLORO-2-IODOTOLUENE 5-CHLORO-2-IODOTOLUENE 23399-70-4 C7H6ClI
2-AMINO-4-NITROBENZONITRILE 2-AMINO-4-NITROBENZONITRILE 87376-25-8 C7H5N3O2
1-Diphenylmethylazetidine 1-Diphenylmethylazetidine 107128-00-7 C16H17N
hexafluorobenzene hexafluorobenzene 392-56-3 C6F6
METHYLENECYCLOPENTANE METHYLENECYCLOPENTANE 1528-30-9 C6H10
3-Methylbenzyl bromide 3-Methylbenzyl bromide 620-13-3 C8H9Br
Cyclopentene Cyclopentene 142-29-0 C5H8
TRANS-2-HEPTEN-1-OL TRANS-2-HEPTEN-1-OL 33467-76-4 C7H14O
[4-(Methylsulfonyl)phenyl]hydrazine hydrochloride [4-(Methylsulfonyl)phenyl]hydrazine hydrochloride 877-66-7 C7H10N2O2S
1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-3-iodobenzene 625-99-0 C6H4ClI
1,2-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 107-06-2 C2H4Cl2
2-Fluorobiphenyl 2-Fluorobiphenyl 321-60-8 C12H9F
5-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzaldehyde 5-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzaldehyde 20357-24-8 C8H7NO4
3,4-DIMETHYLHEXANE 3,4-DIMETHYLHEXANE 583-48-2 C8H18
Cyclopentane Cyclopentane 287-92-3 C5H10
3-CHLORO-4-NITROANILINE 3-CHLORO-4-NITROANILINE 825-41-2 C6H5ClN2O2
N-UNDECYLCYCLOHEXANE N-UNDECYLCYCLOHEXANE 54105-66-7 C17H34
1-BROMO-3-METHOXY-5-METHYLBENZENE 1-BROMO-3-METHOXY-5-METHYLBENZENE 29578-83-4 C8H9BrO
1,2,4,5-TETRAKIS(BROMOMETHYL)BENZENE 1,2,4,5-TETRAKIS(BROMOMETHYL)BENZENE 15442-91-8 C10H10Br4
2,3-Difluoro-4-nitroanisole 2,3-Difluoro-4-nitroanisole 66684-59-1 C7H5F2NO3
CYCLOPENTANECARBONITRILE CYCLOPENTANECARBONITRILE 4254-02-8 C6H9N
3-CHLOROCYCLOHEXENE 3-CHLOROCYCLOHEXENE 2441-97-6 C6H9Cl
5-BROMO-2-IODOTOLUENE 5-BROMO-2-IODOTOLUENE 116632-39-4 C7H6BrI
1,3-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene 1,3-Bis(chloromethyl)benzene 626-16-4 C8H8Cl2
DIISOPROPYLBENZENE DIISOPROPYLBENZENE 25321-09-9 C12H18
ALPHA-PINENE OXIDE ALPHA-PINENE OXIDE 1686-14-2 C10H16O
4-Bromobenzocyclobutene 4-Bromobenzocyclobutene 1073-39-8 C8H7Br
2,4-Dinitrotoluene 2,4-Dinitrotoluene 121-14-2 C7H6N2O4
1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 87-61-6 C6H3Cl3
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene 95-94-3 C6H2Cl4
Nitrobenzene Nitrobenzene 98-95-3 C6H5NO2
N-ISOPROPYLIDENE-N'-2-NITROBENZENESULFO& N-ISOPROPYLIDENE-N'-2-NITROBENZENESULFO& 6655-27-2 C9H11N3O4S
1-Iodonaphthalene 1-Iodonaphthalene 90-14-2 C10H7I
2-METHYL-1-NONENE 2-METHYL-1-NONENE 2980-71-4 C10H20
TRIMETHYLENE SULFIDE TRIMETHYLENE SULFIDE 287-27-4 C3H6S
2-Chloro-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Chloro-1,3-dimethylbenzene 6781-98-2 C8H9Cl
Dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane Dicyclopentyldimethoxysilane 131390-32-4 C11H24O2Si
4-SULFOBENZOIC ACID MONOPOTASSIUM SALT 4-SULFOBENZOIC ACID MONOPOTASSIUM SALT 5399-63-3 C7H5KO5S
1,2-DICHLOROHEXAFLUOROCYCLOBUTANE 1,2-DICHLOROHEXAFLUOROCYCLOBUTANE 356-18-3 C4Cl2F6
2-Fluoro-4-iodotoluene 2-Fluoro-4-iodotoluene 39998-81-7 C7H6FI
N-TRITRIACONTANE N-TRITRIACONTANE 630-05-7 C33H68
Epichlorohydrin Epichlorohydrin 106-89-8 C3H5ClO
5-BROMO-1,2,4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE 5-BROMO-1,2,4-TRIMETHYLBENZENE 5469-19-2 C9H11Br
HEXYLCYCLOHEXANE HEXYLCYCLOHEXANE 4292-75-5 C12H24
TETRAIODOETHYLENE TETRAIODOETHYLENE 513-92-8 C2I4
4-METHYL-1-CYCLOHEXENE 4-METHYL-1-CYCLOHEXENE 591-47-9 C7H12
1-TERT-BUTYL-3-IODOBENZENE 1-TERT-BUTYL-3-IODOBENZENE 35779-04-5 C10H13I
4,5-DIBROMO-O-XYLENE 4,5-DIBROMO-O-XYLENE 24932-48-7 C8H8Br2
Octafluoronaphthalene Octafluoronaphthalene 313-72-4 C10F8
1-Bromo-6-chlorohexane 1-Bromo-6-chlorohexane 6294-17-3 C6H12BrCl
1-CYANO-2-BROMO-5-NITROBENZENE 1-CYANO-2-BROMO-5-NITROBENZENE 134604-07-2 C7H3BrN2O2
1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene 108-70-3 C6H3Cl3
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 120-82-1 C6H3Cl3
Bromoform Bromoform 75-25-2 CHBr3
Isoprene Isoprene 78-79-5 C5H8
3,4-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene 95-75-0 C7H6Cl2
5-BROMO-2-IODO-M-XYLENE 5-BROMO-2-IODO-M-XYLENE 206559-43-5 C8H8BrI
Diphenyldichloromethane Diphenyldichloromethane 2051-90-3 C13H10Cl2
alpha-2-Chloroisodurene alpha-2-Chloroisodurene 1585-16-6 C10H13Cl
1,2,3-Tribromopropane 1,2,3-Tribromopropane 96-11-7 C3H5Br3
1,4-HEXADIENE 1,4-HEXADIENE 592-45-0 C6H10
1,1-BIS(METHYLTHIO)-2-NITROETHYLENE 1,1-BIS(METHYLTHIO)-2-NITROETHYLENE 13623-94-4 C4H7NO2S2
1-Benzocyclobutenecarbonitrile 1-Benzocyclobutenecarbonitrile 6809-91-2 C9H7N
1-CHLORO-2,4-DIFLUOROBENZENE 1-CHLORO-2,4-DIFLUOROBENZENE 1435-44-5 C6H3ClF2
2,4-DIFLUORO-5-NITROBENZOIC ACID 2,4-DIFLUORO-5-NITROBENZOIC ACID 153775-33-8 C7H3F2NO4
Iodomethane Iodomethane 74-88-4 CH3I
1,4-Dichlorobenzene 1,4-Dichlorobenzene 106-46-7 C6H4Cl2
2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene 97-00-7 C6H3ClN2O4
TETRACYANOETHYLENE OXIDE TETRACYANOETHYLENE OXIDE 3189-43-3 C6N4O
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 79-34-5 C2H2Cl4
TRANS-2-OCTENE TRANS-2-OCTENE 13389-42-9 C8H16
1,12-Dibromododecane 1,12-Dibromododecane 3344-70-5 C12H24Br2
2-METHYLOCTANE 2-METHYLOCTANE 3221-61-2 C9H20
N-NONADECYLCYCLOHEXANE N-NONADECYLCYCLOHEXANE 22349-03-7 C25H50
4-FLUORO-3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)BENZENESULPHONYL CHLORIDE 4-FLUORO-3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)BENZENESULPHONYL CHLORIDE 1682-10-6 C7H3ClF4O2S
2-FLUORO-5-NITROPHENYLACETIC ACID 2-FLUORO-5-NITROPHENYLACETIC ACID 195609-18-8 C8H6FNO4
1-BROMO-1-PROPENE 1-BROMO-1-PROPENE 590-15-8 C3H5Br
TRANS-3-HEXENE TRANS-3-HEXENE 13269-52-8 C6H12
N-BUTYLCYCLOHEXANE N-BUTYLCYCLOHEXANE 1678-93-9 C10H20
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane 540-84-1 C8H18
Propylene oxide Propylene oxide 75-56-9 C3H6O
Benzene, 1-(chloromethyl)-4-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]- Benzene, 1-(chloromethyl)-4-[2-(triethoxysilyl)ethyl]- 141813-16-3 C15H25ClO3Si
1-(2-Fluoro-5-nitrophenyl)ethan-1-one 1-(2-Fluoro-5-nitrophenyl)ethan-1-one 79110-05-7 C8H6FNO3
dimethylgallium chloride dimethylgallium chloride 6917-81-3 C2H6ClGa
Solvent naphtha (petroleum), light arom. Solvent naphtha (petroleum), light arom. 64742-95-6 C6H6-C4H11
1-(chloromethyl)-2-(phenylmethyl)benzene 1-(chloromethyl)-2-(phenylmethyl)benzene 7510-28-3 C14H13Cl
5-chloro-2-phenoxyanilinium chloride 5-chloro-2-phenoxyanilinium chloride 6259-38-7 C12H11Cl2NO
2-aminobenzenesulphonyl fluoride 2-aminobenzenesulphonyl fluoride 392-86-9 C6H6FNO2S
disodium 3,3'-[[6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl]bis[imino(3-methoxy-4,1-phenylene)azo]]bis[benzenesulphonate] disodium 3,3'-[[6-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl]bis[imino(3-methoxy-4,1-phenylene)azo]]bis[benzenesulphonate] 52238-69-4 C33H32N10Na2O10S2
Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane, 1-(3,4,5-tribromophenyl)- Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane, 1-(3,4,5-tribromophenyl)- 2595049-29-7 C16H17Br3
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