Hydrocarbons and derivatives

Hydrocarbon compounds are also known as hydrocarbons. They are compounds only containing two elements, hydrogen and carbon. When their molecular hydrogen atoms are replaced by various kinds of other element atoms or atom groups, we can obtain various kinds of hydrocarbon derivatives. German chemist Schorlemmer had discovered butane and other hydrocarbons, and is thus known as the founder of the hydrocarbon chemistry. There are many types of hydrocarbons with number of hydrocarbons with known structure being over 2,000 kinds. Based on the connecting way of carbon bonds, they are divided into chain hydrocarbon and cyclic hydrocarbon, two types with the former one having its carbon atoms connected in a chain shape. According to the saturation degree of hydrogen atom on valence bonds, they are divided into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons are namely alkanes, such as methane, ethane and so on; unsaturated hydrocarbons include olefin and alkynes with representation being ethylene and acetylene. Cyclic hydrocarbon has its intramolecular carbon bonds connected into a closed ring. It includes two kinds, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. There are many similarities between alicyclic hydrocarbons and chain hydrocarbon. General cyclic hydrocarbons are similar to hydrocarbons while cyclic olefin and cyclic alkyne are respectively similar as alkenes and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons mainly refer to hydrocarbons containing benzene ring structure.

Chain hydrocarbon is also known as aliphatic hydrocarbon due to that during the initial study; it was found that oil lipid contained many of these open chain compounds. The naming of alicyclic hydrocarbons is due to its similar nature as aliphatic hydrocarbons. The nature of aromatic hydrocarbon is different from other hydrocarbons while first discovered several compounds are all scented, leading to the name which is still in use today.

Oil, gas and coal are the main source of hydrocarbons. Petroleum refining can give a variety of alkane mixture such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, etc; oil cracking, reforming give various kinds of olefins, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal tar contains various kinds of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, naphthalene, etc.). Many kinds of higher hydrocarbons are presented in plants such as the pigments contained in tomatoes and carrots. The wax of many kinds of plants and animals also contains higher content of alkanes. For example, beeswax contains C27H56 and C31H64; wax of spinach leaves contains C33H68, C35H72, and C37H76; wax of cabbage leaves contains C29H60 and so on. The main component of natural rubber, polyisoprene also belongs to hydrocarbon. An important application of hydrocarbons is being used as fuel and chemical raw materials. Through secondary processing of petroleum, it can give ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, xylene and naphthalene, and other basic organic industrial raw materials. From these materials, we can further prepare styrene, ethanol, acetone and other chemicals. Re-use of these raw materials can be used for manufacturing of a variety of plastics, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibers and fine chemical products. Hydrocarbons may also be used as food for certain bacteria to utilize with those proteins (oil protein) excreted by these bacteria proteins being applied as feed. The national scale and level of processing and application of hydrocarbons may reflect the extent of economic and technological development of a country.

Hydrocarbon derivative refers to the general term of many kinds of complicated compound derived from hydrocarbon molecules with one or more hydrogen atoms being substituted by other atoms or atoms groups. Compounds derived from halogen substitution are called halogenated hydrocarbon; derived from hydroxy substitution are called alcohols or phenols; derived from carboxy substitution are called carboxylic acids. Ester, acyl halide, acid anhydride, amides, aldehydes, ketones, amines and nitriles, etc. can be considered to be the compounds derived from hydrocarbons with intramolecular hydrogen atoms being substituted by corresponding atoms. During early 19th century, German chemist Schorlemmer, based on years of experimental and theoretical studies, had first defined organic chemistry as chemistry concerning hydrocarbons and their derivatives. This definition is formulated based on the principles of atom combination theory, being more reasonable and advanced than all the previous definitions, thus further being adopted by many chemists. However, the problem is that it doesn’t distinguish the difference between organic and inorganic substances. The definition of Schorlemmer had greatly promoted the development of the theory regarding to the organic chemistry structure. He was the first man who defined organic compound as above scientific classifications, establishing a scientific system. He was the first man who divided organics into aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and further classified aliphatic compounds into hydrocarbons (saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons), halocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters and so on.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
1-TETRADECENE 1-TETRADECENE 1120-36-1 C14H28
4-Bromo-5-fluoro-2-nitrotoluene 4-Bromo-5-fluoro-2-nitrotoluene 224185-19-7 C7H5BrFNO2
Bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate Bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate 645-15-8 C12H9N2O8P
2-Amino-N-cyclohexyl-N-methylbenzenesulfonamide 2-Amino-N-cyclohexyl-N-methylbenzenesulfonamide 70693-59-3 C13H20N2O2S
1-Chlorooctadecane 1-Chlorooctadecane 3386-33-2 C18H37Cl
Triphenylethylene Triphenylethylene 58-72-0 C20H16
4-Amino-3-nitrobenzonitrile 4-Amino-3-nitrobenzonitrile 6393-40-4 C7H5N3O2
4-Nitrophenylhydrazine hydrochloride 4-Nitrophenylhydrazine hydrochloride 636-99-7 C6H8ClN3O2
Benzenesulfonyl hydrazide Benzenesulfonyl hydrazide 80-17-1 C6H8N2O2S
3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulphonamide 3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulphonamide 98-32-8 C6H8N2O3S
2-(Trifluoromethyl)benzyl chloride 2-(Trifluoromethyl)benzyl chloride 21742-00-7 C8H6ClF3
Chlorotriethylsilane Chlorotriethylsilane 994-30-9 C6H15ClSi
1-Bromodecane 1-Bromodecane 112-29-8 C10H21Br
m-Xylene m-Xylene 108-38-3 C8H10
3-BROMO-4-HYDROXYBENZONITRILE 3-BROMO-4-HYDROXYBENZONITRILE 2315-86-8 C7H4BrNO
3-Bromofluorobenzene 3-Bromofluorobenzene 1073-06-9 C6H4BrF
2,4-DIFLUOROBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 2,4-DIFLUOROBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 13918-92-8 C6H3ClF2O2S
5-Amino-o-cresol 5-Amino-o-cresol 2835-95-2 C7H9NO
p-Nitrophenylacetonitrile p-Nitrophenylacetonitrile 555-21-5 C8H6N2O2
3-Phenyltoluene 3-Phenyltoluene 643-93-6 C13H12
4-Trifluoromethoxytoluene 4-Trifluoromethoxytoluene 706-27-4 C8H7F3O
2-Methyl-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid 2-Methyl-5-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid 121-03-9 C7H7NO5S
2-Nitro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline 2-Nitro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)aniline 2267-23-4 C7H5F3N2O3
1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Bromonaphthalene 90-11-9 C10H7Br
3-Chlorobenzyl chloride 3-Chlorobenzyl chloride 620-20-2 C7H6Cl2
4-Methoxystyrene 4-Methoxystyrene 637-69-4 C9H10O
5-Bromo-1-pentene 5-Bromo-1-pentene 1119-51-3 C5H9Br
2,4,6-Triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride 2,4,6-Triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl chloride 6553-96-4 C15H23ClO2S
Bis-1,4-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-2-nitrobenzene Bis-1,4-(2-hydroxyethylamino)-2-nitrobenzene 84041-77-0 C10H15N3O4
2-Chloro-1,4-dimethoxybenzene 2-Chloro-1,4-dimethoxybenzene 2100-42-7 C8H9ClO2
4-Bromo-2-nitrophenol 4-Bromo-2-nitrophenol 7693-52-9 C6H4BrNO3
2-Bromo-2'-nitroacetophenone 2-Bromo-2'-nitroacetophenone 6851-99-6 C8H6BrNO3
2-(Trifluoromethoxy)bromobenzene 2-(Trifluoromethoxy)bromobenzene 64115-88-4 C7H4BrF3O
3-Nitrophthalic acid 3-Nitrophthalic acid 603-11-2 C8H5NO6
4-Methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid methyl ester 4-Methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid methyl ester 7356-11-8 C9H9NO4
4-Methyl-3-nitrobenzonitrile 4-Methyl-3-nitrobenzonitrile 939-79-7 C8H6N2O2
Ethyl p-nitrobenzoate Ethyl p-nitrobenzoate 99-77-4 C9H9NO4
2-Iodotoluene 2-Iodotoluene 615-37-2 C7H7I
alpha-Toluenesulfonyl chloride alpha-Toluenesulfonyl chloride 1939-99-7 C7H7ClO2S
1-DODECENE 1-DODECENE 112-41-4 C12H24
2-Nitrophenylacetonitrile 2-Nitrophenylacetonitrile 610-66-2 C8H6N2O2
2-Methylresorcinol 2-Methylresorcinol 608-25-3 C7H8O2
2-Amino-5-nitrophenol 2-Amino-5-nitrophenol 121-88-0 C6H6N2O3
4-Methylcatechol 4-Methylcatechol 452-86-8 C7H8O2
4-Bromocumene 4-Bromocumene 586-61-8 C9H11Br
5-Bromo-1,2,3-trifluorobenzene 5-Bromo-1,2,3-trifluorobenzene 138526-69-9 C6H2BrF3
5-Bromo-m-xylene 5-Bromo-m-xylene 556-96-7 C8H9Br
1-Methyl-4-(methylsulfonyl)-benzene 1-Methyl-4-(methylsulfonyl)-benzene 3185-99-7 C8H10O2S
3-(Trifluoromethoxy)chlorobenzene 3-(Trifluoromethoxy)chlorobenzene 772-49-6 C7H4ClF3O
2-CHLORO-5-NITROANISOLE 2-CHLORO-5-NITROANISOLE 1009-36-5 C7H6ClNO3
N-TETRACOSANE N-TETRACOSANE 646-31-1 C24H50
2-Bromofluorene 2-Bromofluorene 1133-80-8 C13H9Br
4-CHLORO-2-FLUOROIODOBENZENE 4-CHLORO-2-FLUOROIODOBENZENE 6797-79-1 C6H3ClFI
2-Methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid 2-Methyl-4-nitrobenzoic acid 1975-51-5 C8H7NO4
4-Bromostyrene 4-Bromostyrene 2039-82-9 C8H7Br
4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde 16588-34-4 C7H4ClNO3
4-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzoic acid 4-Methoxy-2-nitrobenzoic acid 33844-21-2 C8H7NO5
Dodecane Dodecane 112-40-3 C12H26
2-CHLORO-4-FLUOROBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 2-CHLORO-4-FLUOROBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 85958-57-2 C6H3Cl2FO2S
1-NONENE 1-NONENE 124-11-8 C9H18
3,5-Dinitro-2-methylbenzoic acid 3,5-Dinitro-2-methylbenzoic acid 28169-46-2 C8H6N2O6
2-Bromobiphenyl 2-Bromobiphenyl 2052-07-5 C12H9Br
Methyldiallylamine Methyldiallylamine 2424-01-3 C7H13N
2-methylpentane 2-methylpentane 107-83-5 C6H14
Mesitylene Mesitylene 108-67-8 C9H12
2,6-Diaminotoluene 2,6-Diaminotoluene 823-40-5 C7H10N2
2-Methylnaphthalene 2-Methylnaphthalene 91-57-6 C11H10
2-FLUORO-6-NITRO-PHENYLAMINE 2-FLUORO-6-NITRO-PHENYLAMINE 17809-36-8 C6H5FN2O2
2,3-Dimethylbutane 2,3-Dimethylbutane 79-29-8 C6H14
2,4-DIMETHYLPENTANE 2,4-DIMETHYLPENTANE 108-08-7 C7H16
2-Ethylnitrobenzene 2-Ethylnitrobenzene 612-22-6 C8H9NO2
4-Methylbenzenesulfonhydrazide 4-Methylbenzenesulfonhydrazide 1576-35-8 C7H10N2O2S
tert-Butylbenzene tert-Butylbenzene 98-06-6 C10H14
1-ETHYLNAPHTHALENE 1-ETHYLNAPHTHALENE 1127-76-0 C12H12
2,4,5-Trifluorobenzyl bromide 2,4,5-Trifluorobenzyl bromide 157911-56-3 C7H4BrF3
1-Methoxynaphthalene 1-Methoxynaphthalene 2216-69-5 C11H10O
1,3-Dibromopropane 1,3-Dibromopropane 109-64-8 C3H6Br2
Crotonyl alcohol Crotonyl alcohol 6117-91-5 C4H8O
3-CHLORO-4-FLUOROBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 3-CHLORO-4-FLUOROBENZENESULFONYL CHLORIDE 91170-93-3 C6H3Cl2FO2S
3,4-Dichloro-2-nitro-6-(trifluoromethyl)toluene 3,4-Dichloro-2-nitro-6-(trifluoromethyl)toluene 115571-66-9 C8H4Cl2F3NO2
4-BROMO-3-CHLOROTOLUENE 4-BROMO-3-CHLOROTOLUENE 6627-51-6 C7H6BrCl
1-Bromo-3,5-dimethyladamantane 1-Bromo-3,5-dimethyladamantane 941-37-7 C12H19Br
3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl chloride 3,5-Dinitrobenzoyl chloride 99-33-2 C7H3ClN2O5
2-Amino-2'-chloro-5-nitro benzophenone 2-Amino-2'-chloro-5-nitro benzophenone 2011-66-7 C13H9ClN2O3
2-(4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoyl)benzoic acid 2-(4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoyl)benzoic acid 85-54-1 C14H8ClNO5
Tosyl chloride Tosyl chloride 98-59-9 C7H7ClO2S
2,3,4-Trifluorobenzyl bromide 2,3,4-Trifluorobenzyl bromide 157911-55-2 C7H4BrF3
4-Benzyloxybromobenzene 4-Benzyloxybromobenzene 6793-92-6 C13H11BrO
1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene 1-Chloro-2-iodobenzene 615-41-8 C6H4ClI
2-Fluorobenzyl bromide 2-Fluorobenzyl bromide 446-48-0 C7H6BrF
4-Bromo-1-butene 4-Bromo-1-butene 5162-44-7 C4H7Br
2-BROMO-5-NITROTOLUENE 2-BROMO-5-NITROTOLUENE 7149-70-4 C7H6BrNO2
2-Methyl-5-nitroanisole 2-Methyl-5-nitroanisole 13120-77-9 C8H9NO3
3-Bromobenzyl bromide 3-Bromobenzyl bromide 823-78-9 C7H6Br2
4-Methoxy-2-nitrophenol 4-Methoxy-2-nitrophenol 1568-70-3 C7H7NO4
2-(Trifluoromethoxy)nitrobenzene 2-(Trifluoromethoxy)nitrobenzene 1644-88-8 C7H4F3NO3
4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 98-67-9 C6H6O4S
3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide 3-(Trifluoromethyl)benzenesulfonamide 672-58-2 C7H6F3NO2S
Allyl phenyl ether Allyl phenyl ether 1746-13-0 C9H10O
Cyclohexylbenzene Cyclohexylbenzene 827-52-1 C12H16
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