dye

Dyes refer to the organic substances enable the strong coloring of fiber and some other materials. There are various kinds of dyes. According to the source, they can be divided into natural dyes (such as vegetable dyes, animal dyes and mineral dyes, etc.) and synthetic dyes (or artificial dyes). According to the molecular structure, it can be divided into azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, aromatic dyes and nitro dyes. Based on the application methods, it can be divided into acid dyes, basic dyes, sulfur dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, direct dyes and so on. Dyes have color, but substance having color does not necessarily belong to dyes. Dye must have a chromophore and auxochrome group. Dye contained in the ink should also have water-soluble group such as sulfonic acid group.

Natural dyes are dyes obtained from animals, plants and minerals. According to sources they can be divided into:
1    Plant dyes; dyes extracted from the roots, stems, leaves and fruit of some plants such as indigo extracted from the leaves of indigo (blue); curcumin extracted from turmeric (yellow); alizarin extracted from madder (red) and so on;
2    Animal dyes; dyes extracted from animal body such as carmine extracted from cochineal, etc;
3    Mineral dyes; dyes extracted from the colored inorganic substance of mineral such as chrome yellow, ultramarine blue, brown and other manganese. Owing to its various disadvantages compared with artificial dyes such as incomplete chromatography, application inconvenience and poor fastness, most natural dyes have been eliminated except for a few still in use.

Synthetic dyes, also known as "artificial dyes." is mainly made through the chemical processing of coal tar (or oil processing) fractionation products (such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and carbazole, etc.), sometimes are also known as coal tar dyes. Since the earliest several synthetic dyes all took aniline as raw material, it is also known as "aniline dyes." Compared with the natural dyes, synthetic dyes have various kinds with complete chromatography and most of them being colorful, washable and being able to be produced in large scale. Thus, almost all of the current so-called dye refers to synthetic dyes with its dyeing products being one of the common samples of Forensic evidence.

There are two ways for classifications of dyes:
The first type is the basic chemical taxonomy based on the chromophore. According to this, dyes can be classified into azo dyes, sulfur dyes, anthraquinone dyes, indigo dyes, heterocyclic dyes and phthalocyanine dyes, 10 categories in total.

The second type is based on the property of the dye to the fiber or coloring properties. Based on this, the dyes can be divided into acid dyes, neutral dyes, azoic dyes, basic dyes, cationic dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, sulfur dyes, vat dyes and other dyes, 14 categories in total.

There are various kinds of dyes of different properties and wide range of applications. However, dyes used as physical evidence are largely fixed in textile fibers or paper, or as a kind of organizational component of ink, printing ink and pen oil. Usually after extraction, it can subject to comparison testing using micro-chemical method, thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, UV - visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy.

The international development of dye was very rapid in 1970s while people have mainly focused on develop new varieties and improve quality since 1990s with the annual output being maintained at the level of 100 million tons.

Chinese dyes got rapid development in 1980s with the main focus being improving the quality after 1990 as well. The production output still maintain a certain growth rate with annual output being around 300,000 t. In 2000, the output is 315 600 t. Dyes used for textile dyeing account about 85% with the rest being used for the coloring of leather, plastic, paper and paint.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
Acid Green 28 Acid Green 28 12217-29-7 C34H32N2Na2O10S2
Direct Orange  46 Direct Orange 46 12222-37-6 Unspecified
Solvent Yellow 79 Solvent Yellow 79 12237-31-9
Acid Blue 138 Acid Blue 138 1324-53-4 C32H36N2Na2O8S2
ACID BLUE 29 ACID BLUE 29 5850-35-1 C22H14N6Na2O9S2
Vat Yellow 46 Vat Yellow 46 12237-50-2
CIBACRON BRILLIANT YELLOW 3G-P CIBACRON BRILLIANT YELLOW 3G-P 50662-99-2 C25H15Cl3N9Na3O10S3
Disperse Blue 27 Disperse Blue 27 15791-78-3 C22H16N2O7
Vat Red 41 Vat Red 41 522-75-8 C16H8O2S2
Disperse Yellow HG Disperse Yellow HG C16H12N4O4
Vat Grass Green GN Vat Grass Green GN
CHLORANTINE FAST RED 5B CHLORANTINE FAST RED 5B 2610-11-9 C29H19N5Na2O8S2
ASTRAZON RED 6B ASTRAZON RED 6B 6441-82-3 C24H30Cl2N2
ALIZARIN RUBINOL R ALIZARIN RUBINOL R 4478-76-6 C24H19N2NaO5S
Acid Red 374 Acid Red 374 6507-78-4 C38H29N4Na3O11S3
Solvent Blue 6 Solvent Blue 6 6786-84-1 C29H33N3O
disodium 4-amino-5-hydroxy-3-[[4'-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)azo][1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]azo]-6-(phenylazo)naphthalene-2,7-disulphonate disodium 4-amino-5-hydroxy-3-[[4'-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)azo][1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]azo]-6-(phenylazo)naphthalene-2,7-disulphonate 3626-28-6 C34H23N7Na2O8S2
ACID YELLOW 11 ACID YELLOW 11 6359-82-6 C16H15N4NaO4S
Sulfur Yellow Brown 6G Sulfur Yellow Brown 6G
Acid Yellow MR Acid Yellow MR
DIRECT RED 80 DIRECT RED 80 2610-10-8 C45H33N10NaO21S6
Crystal Violet Nonahydrate Crystal Violet Nonahydrate 60662-33-1 C25H48ClN3O9
SUPRACET BRILLIANT RED BD SUPRACET BRILLIANT RED BD 6373-93-9 C18H20N4O3S
DIRECT BLACK DIRECT BLACK
Direct Blue 151 Direct Blue 151 110735-25-6 C34H25N5O10S2.2Na
Acid Red 118 Acid Red 118 12217-35-5 C25H24N4O6S2
Basic Blue 162 Basic Blue 162 15085-91-3 C20H23N5O5S2
Acid Yellow  72 Acid Yellow 72 52584-47-1 C28H35Cl2N4NaO4S
Acid Brown   4 Acid Brown 4 5858-51-5 C16H12N3NaO4S
Acid Blue 260 Acid Blue 260 62168-86-9
Acid Brown 354 Acid Brown 354 71799-43-4 C30H20N8Na2O12S2
2-[N-(2-Cyanoethyl)-4-[(2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenyl)azo]anilino]ethyl acetate 2-[N-(2-Cyanoethyl)-4-[(2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenyl)azo]anilino]ethyl acetate 5261-31-4 C19H17Cl2N5O4
2-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]-1,3-dimethyl-1H-imidazolium chloride 2-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]azo]-1,3-dimethyl-1H-imidazolium chloride 77061-58-6 C13H18ClN5
sodium 4-hydroxy-3-[(2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)azo]-6-(phenylamino)naphthalene-2-sulphonate sodium 4-hydroxy-3-[(2-methoxy-5-nitrophenyl)azo]-6-(phenylamino)naphthalene-2-sulphonate 3626-41-3 C23H17N4NaO7S
Vat Golden Yellow RK Vat Golden Yellow RK
DISPERSE BLACK 9 DISPERSE BLACK 9 12222-69-4 C16H20N4O2
Sulphur Brown   4 Sulphur Brown 4 1326-90-5
Acid Red 215 Acid Red 215 12239-06-4 C16H14N6O6S
Neutral balsam Neutral balsam
Sulphur Red GGF Sulphur Red GGF
Basic Dyestuff Basic Dyestuff
Vat Dark Blue VB Vat Dark Blue VB
ERIO GREEN B ERIO GREEN B 12768-78-4 C31H33N2NaO6S2
DIRECT YELLOW 29 DIRECT YELLOW 29 6537-66-2 C42H24N6Na2O6S6
DISPERSE BLACK 9 DISPERSE BLACK 9 20721-50-0 C16H20N4O2
SIRIUS YELLOW GC SIRIUS YELLOW GC 8005-52-5 C27H20N6Na2O8S
Acid Red 73 Acid Red 73 5413-75-2 C22H17N4NaO7S2
SOLVENT YELLOW 16 SOLVENT YELLOW 16 119371-24-3 C16H14N4O
BASIC YELLOW 11 BASIC YELLOW 11 4208-80-4 C21H25ClN2O2
PIGMENT VIOLET 3 PIGMENT VIOLET 3
MORDANT BROWN 1 MORDANT BROWN 1 3564-15-6 C22H16N7NaO6S
BISMARCK BROWN B BISMARCK BROWN B C18H18N8
CRYSTAL PONCEAU 6R CRYSTAL PONCEAU 6R 2766-77-0 C20H12N2Na2O7S2
Disperse Red 72 Disperse Red 72 12223-39-1 C20H18N6O4
Basic Orange 2 Basic Orange 2 532-82-1 C12H13ClN4
3-Hydroxy-N-naphthalen-1-ylnaphthalene-2-carboxamide 3-Hydroxy-N-naphthalen-1-ylnaphthalene-2-carboxamide 132-68-3 C21H15NO2
DISPERSE BLUE 124 DISPERSE BLUE 124 61951-51-7 C16H19N5O4S
DISPERSE VIOLET 17 DISPERSE VIOLET 17 12217-92-4 C14H8BrNO3
Naphthol AS-E Naphthol AS-E 92-78-4 C17H12ClNO2
Acid Blue 182 Acid Blue 182 12219-26-0 C23H17N3O9S2·2Na
Solvent Blue  97 Solvent Blue 97 61969-44-6 C36H38N2O2
Acid violet  68 Acid violet 68 61724-46-7 C28H33N3O4S
Acid Red 122 Acid Red 122 12234-98-9 C38H30N4Na2O8S2
Sulfur Red Brown B3R Sulfur Red Brown B3R
Vat Black DB Vat Black DB
Vat Brown GG Vat Brown GG
C.I.Acid Red 337 C.I.Acid Red 337 C17H11F3N3NaO4S
Basic Black Basic Black
4-Diazodiphenylamine sulfate 4-Diazodiphenylamine sulfate 4477-28-5 C12H11N3O4S
Disperse Orange 5 Disperse Orange 5 6232-56-0 C15H14Cl2N4O3
OPAL BLUE SS OPAL BLUE SS 2152-64-9 C37H30ClN3
ASTRAZON BRILLIANT RED 4G ASTRAZON BRILLIANT RED 4G 12217-48-0 C23H26ClN3
ORALITH BRILLIANT PINK R ORALITH BRILLIANT PINK R 2379-74-0 C18H10Cl2O2S2
CHLORAZOL BLUE RW CHLORAZOL BLUE RW 2586-57-4 C34H28N5NaO10S2
Vat Blue 4 Vat Blue 4 81-77-6 C28H14N2O4
REACTIVE BLUE 19 REACTIVE BLUE 19 2580-78-1 C22H19N2NaO11S3
ACID DYES ACID DYES
Acid Orange  95 Acid Orange 95 12217-33-3
Acid Black  60 Acid Black 60 12218-95-0 C38H33CrN8O10S2
Neutral Red 2gl Neutral Red 2gl 12239-05-3 C17H14IN5O4S
Solvent Orange 107 Solvent Orange 107 185766-20-5
Disperse Yellow brown Se-4br Wet Cake Disperse Yellow brown Se-4br Wet Cake 51811-42-8 C17H15Cl2N5O2
Solvent Black  29 Solvent Black 29 61901-87-9
Direct Brown 44 Direct Brown 44 6252-62-6 C30H24N12Na2O6S2
Acid Orange  56 Acid Orange 56 6470-20-8 C32H22N6Na2O8S2
Acid Red 154 Acid Red 154 6507-79-5 C40H34N4Na2O10S2
Direct Yellow 120 Direct Yellow 120 12222-63-8 C27H22N6Na2O9S2
Direct Red Brown RN Direct Red Brown RN C37H28O12N12S4Na4
Disperse Orange 3GL Disperse Orange 3GL
Sulphur Brilliant Green GB Sulphur Brilliant Green GB
Acid Turquoise Blue Acid Turquoise Blue
ACID BLUE 92 ACID BLUE 92 3861-73-2 C26H20N3NaO10S3
SOLVENT ORANGE 63 SOLVENT ORANGE 63 C23H12OS
Acid Violet 43 Acid Violet 43 4430-18-6 C21H16NNaO6S
3-Hydroxy-N-(3-nitrophenyl)-2-naphthalenecarboxamide 3-Hydroxy-N-(3-nitrophenyl)-2-naphthalenecarboxamide 135-65-9 C17H12N2O4
Acid Violet 49 Acid Violet 49 1694-09-3 C39H42N3NaO6S2
Vat Yellow 10 Vat Yellow 10 2379-76-2 C68H42N6O8
Acid black 29 Acid black 29 12217-14-0
Acid Yellow  61 Acid Yellow 61 12217-38-8 C24H22Cl2N5NaO6S2
Acid Yellow  79 Acid Yellow 79 12220-70-1 C47H40N10Na2O12S4
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