dye

Dyes refer to the organic substances enable the strong coloring of fiber and some other materials. There are various kinds of dyes. According to the source, they can be divided into natural dyes (such as vegetable dyes, animal dyes and mineral dyes, etc.) and synthetic dyes (or artificial dyes). According to the molecular structure, it can be divided into azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, aromatic dyes and nitro dyes. Based on the application methods, it can be divided into acid dyes, basic dyes, sulfur dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, direct dyes and so on. Dyes have color, but substance having color does not necessarily belong to dyes. Dye must have a chromophore and auxochrome group. Dye contained in the ink should also have water-soluble group such as sulfonic acid group.

Natural dyes are dyes obtained from animals, plants and minerals. According to sources they can be divided into:
1    Plant dyes; dyes extracted from the roots, stems, leaves and fruit of some plants such as indigo extracted from the leaves of indigo (blue); curcumin extracted from turmeric (yellow); alizarin extracted from madder (red) and so on;
2    Animal dyes; dyes extracted from animal body such as carmine extracted from cochineal, etc;
3    Mineral dyes; dyes extracted from the colored inorganic substance of mineral such as chrome yellow, ultramarine blue, brown and other manganese. Owing to its various disadvantages compared with artificial dyes such as incomplete chromatography, application inconvenience and poor fastness, most natural dyes have been eliminated except for a few still in use.

Synthetic dyes, also known as "artificial dyes." is mainly made through the chemical processing of coal tar (or oil processing) fractionation products (such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and carbazole, etc.), sometimes are also known as coal tar dyes. Since the earliest several synthetic dyes all took aniline as raw material, it is also known as "aniline dyes." Compared with the natural dyes, synthetic dyes have various kinds with complete chromatography and most of them being colorful, washable and being able to be produced in large scale. Thus, almost all of the current so-called dye refers to synthetic dyes with its dyeing products being one of the common samples of Forensic evidence.

There are two ways for classifications of dyes:
The first type is the basic chemical taxonomy based on the chromophore. According to this, dyes can be classified into azo dyes, sulfur dyes, anthraquinone dyes, indigo dyes, heterocyclic dyes and phthalocyanine dyes, 10 categories in total.

The second type is based on the property of the dye to the fiber or coloring properties. Based on this, the dyes can be divided into acid dyes, neutral dyes, azoic dyes, basic dyes, cationic dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, sulfur dyes, vat dyes and other dyes, 14 categories in total.

There are various kinds of dyes of different properties and wide range of applications. However, dyes used as physical evidence are largely fixed in textile fibers or paper, or as a kind of organizational component of ink, printing ink and pen oil. Usually after extraction, it can subject to comparison testing using micro-chemical method, thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, UV - visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy.

The international development of dye was very rapid in 1970s while people have mainly focused on develop new varieties and improve quality since 1990s with the annual output being maintained at the level of 100 million tons.

Chinese dyes got rapid development in 1980s with the main focus being improving the quality after 1990 as well. The production output still maintain a certain growth rate with annual output being around 300,000 t. In 2000, the output is 315 600 t. Dyes used for textile dyeing account about 85% with the rest being used for the coloring of leather, plastic, paper and paint.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
Acid Yellow 199 Acid Yellow 199 70865-20-2 C19H15N4NaO6S
Acid Yellow 128 Acid Yellow 128 51053-43-1 C16H16N4O5S
Acid Brown  98 Acid Brown 98 12269-88-4 C48H39FeN15O21S3
DISPERSE BROWN DISPERSE BROWN
LEATHER DYESTUFF LEATHER DYESTUFF
249 ACID RED 249 249 ACID RED 249
Acid Orange  89 Acid Orange 89 12269-95-3 C32H22N10O8.Cr.Na
Sulphur Brown 10 Sulphur Brown 10 1326-51-8
Disperse Yellow 79 Disperse Yellow 79 12236-36-1
Acid Yellow 220 Acid Yellow 220 71603-79-7 C24H18IN4NaO7S
2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 5(or 8)-amino-8(or 5)-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)amino]-, reaction products with sodium sulfide (Na2(Sx)) 2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid, 5(or 8)-amino-8(or 5)-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)amino]-, reaction products with sodium sulfide (Na2(Sx)) 1327-69-1
Toluidine bule Toluidine bule 3209-30-1 C28H23N2NaO10S2
ACID BLACK NT ACID BLACK NT
DISPERSE BLUE 359 DISPERSE BLUE 359
3-Hydroxy-N-2-naphthyl-2-naphthamide 3-Hydroxy-N-2-naphthyl-2-naphthamide 135-64-8 C21H15NO2
Disperse Grey BL Disperse Grey BL
Disperse Blue 3GR Disperse Blue 3GR
C.I.Basic Blue 26 C.I.Basic Blue 26
Sulphur Blue 7 Sulphur Blue 7 1327-57-7 C13H14N2O
Basic Yellow 24 Basic Yellow 24 52435-14-0 C19H21N5O4S2
Acid Red 186 Acid Red 186 52677-44-8 C20H12CrN4NaO8S2
Vat Black  29 Vat Black 29 6049-19-0 C64H34N4O8
Solvent Red 172 Solvent Red 172 63512-13-0 C21H13Br2NO3
Solvent Red 32 Solvent Red 32 6406-53-7 C36H43N5O7S2
Solvent Red 146 Solvent Red 146 70956-30-8 C20H13NO4
Benzenesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-5-nitro-, alk. cond. products, reaction products with formaldehyde Benzenesulfonic acid, 2-methyl-5-nitro-, alk. cond. products, reaction products with formaldehyde 1325-38-8
Vat Grey BG Vat Grey BG
Vat Blue BC Vat Blue BC
Acid Brown 348 Acid Brown 348 72827-72-6
C.I.Direct Brown 2 C.I.Direct Brown 2
Acid Brown 440 Acid Brown 440 93376-15-9 C34H25N8NaO14S3
Disperse Grey N Disperse Grey N
CROCEIN SCARLET 7B CROCEIN SCARLET 7B 6226-76-2 C24H18N4Na2O7S2
Disperse Red 1 Disperse Red 1 2872-52-8 C16H18N4O3
SOLVENT RED 109 SOLVENT RED 109
3-CHLOROANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE 3-CHLOROANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE 141-85-5 C6H7Cl2N
N-(5-((4-(2,4-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenoxy)-1-oxobutyl)amino)-2-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-(4-((4-(phenylmethoxy)phenyl)sulphonyl)phenoxy)valeramide N-(5-((4-(2,4-Bis(1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenoxy)-1-oxobutyl)amino)-2-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-(4-((4-(phenylmethoxy)phenyl)sulphonyl)phenoxy)valeramide 30744-85-5 C52H61ClN2O8S
Direct Blue 86 Direct Blue 86 1330-38-7 C32H14CuN8Na2O6S2
2-CHLOROANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE 2-CHLOROANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE 137-04-2 C6H7Cl2N
SOLWAY BLUE RN SOLWAY BLUE RN 4403-89-8 C22H19N2NaO5S
N-(2-Hydroxynaphthoyl)-2,4-dimethoxy-5-chloroanilide N-(2-Hydroxynaphthoyl)-2,4-dimethoxy-5-chloroanilide 92-72-8 C19H16ClNO4
VITAMIN FOLIC ACID ASSAY MEDIUM VITAMIN FOLIC ACID ASSAY MEDIUM
ACID BLUE 185 ACID BLUE 185
DISPERSE RED 4 DISPERSE RED 4 2379-90-0 C15H11NO4
Direct Red 75 tetrasodium salt Direct Red 75 tetrasodium salt 2829-43-8 C33H27N8NaO15S4
Fast Red ITR Fast Red ITR 97-35-8 C11H18N2O3S
Acid Red  57 Acid Red 57 12217-34-4 C24H22N4O6S2
Acid Brown 282 Acid Brown 282 12219-65-7
Disperse Brown 1 Disperse Brown 1 12236-00-9 C16H15Cl3N4O4
Acid Red 336 Acid Red 336 12239-11-1
Solvent Violet 14 Solvent Violet 14 67577-84-8 C28H22N2O2
Disperse Orange 73 Disperse Orange 73 79300-11-1 C24H21N5O4
DISPERSE BLACK. DISPERSE BLACK.
C.I. Disperse Red 50 C.I. Disperse Red 50
2-[7-(diethylamino)-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl]-1,3-dimethyl-1H-benzimidazolium chloride 2-[7-(diethylamino)-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl]-1,3-dimethyl-1H-benzimidazolium chloride 29556-33-0 C22H24ClN3O2
214 ACID BROWN 214 214 ACID BROWN 214
Neutral Dark Yellow GL Neutral Dark Yellow GL
C.I.Direct Black 168 C.I.Direct Black 168
Levelling and dispersing agent Levelling and dispersing agent
C.I. Solvent Yellow 25 C.I. Solvent Yellow 25 37219-73-1
Disperse Blue 54 Disperse Blue 54 12217-77-5 C20H12N2O6
Vat Blue  42 Vat Blue 42 1327-81-7
tetrasodium 3,3'-[(1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)bis[imino(5-methoxy-2-methyl-4,1-phenylene)azo]]bis(naphthalene-1,5-disulphonate) tetrasodium 3,3'-[(1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)bis[imino(5-methoxy-2-methyl-4,1-phenylene)azo]]bis(naphthalene-1,5-disulphonate) 82944-42-1 C39H29N9Na4O15S4
2 BASIC ORANGE 2 2 BASIC ORANGE 2
Acid Blue BGA Acid Blue BGA
Direct Yellow 142 Direct Yellow 142 71902-08-4 d"
Acid Brown 161 Acid Brown 161 61724-13-8
Acid Green 73 Acid Green 73 12219-93-1
Acid Blue 168 Acid Blue 168 12219-24-8 C20H15CuN5O5S
Acid Brown 163 Acid Brown 163
Vat Scarlet GG Vat Scarlet GG
Acid Yellow 2GL Acid Yellow 2GL
Acid Mordant Orange G Acid Mordant Orange G
Solvent Brown 5 Solvent Brown 5 2653-72-7 C20H14N2O
ACID BLACK 48 ACID BLACK 48 1328-24-1 C28H18N3NaO7S
Naphthol AS-D Naphthol AS-D 135-61-5 C18H15NO2
ACID BLUE 40 ACID BLUE 40 6424-85-7 C22H16N3NaO6S
ACID BLUE 40 ACID BLUE 40 6424-85-7 C22H16N3NaO6S
Solvent Green 5 Solvent Green 5 2744-50-5 C30H28O4
N-(4-HYDROXYPHENYL)-2-NAPHTHYLAMINE, 97 N-(4-HYDROXYPHENYL)-2-NAPHTHYLAMINE, 97 93-45-8 C16H13NO
LIGNIN, ALKALI LIGNIN, ALKALI 8068-05-1 C30H25ClN6
Basic Yellow  87 Basic Yellow 87 116844-55-4
Acid Yellow 110 Acid Yellow 110 12220-74-5
Direct Blue 80 Direct Blue 80 12222-00-3 C32H14Cu2N4NaO16S4(-3)
Sulphur Green  14 Sulphur Green 14 12227-06-4
Neutral Brown Rl Neutral Brown Rl 12238-94-7 C15H14O5
Vat Red 10 Vat Red 10 2379-79-5 C29H14N2O5
Solvent Red 169 Solvent Red 169 27354-18-3 C17H15NO2
Solvent Yellow 157 Solvent Yellow 157 27908-75-4 C18H7Cl4NO2
Acid Red 137 Acid Red 137 6222-63-5 C20H17N4NaO6S
Solvent Violet 38 Solvent Violet 38 63512-14-1 C28H18Br4N2O2
Solvent Red 168 Solvent Red 168 71832-19-4 C20H19NO2
disodium 6-amino-4-hydroxy-5-[(4-nitro-2-sulphonatophenyl)azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonate disodium 6-amino-4-hydroxy-5-[(4-nitro-2-sulphonatophenyl)azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonate 6441-91-4 C16H10N4Na2O9S2
Vat Grey M Vat Grey M
Acid Green  68 Acid Green 68 61901-32-4
Direct Yellow 107 Direct Yellow 107 61815-04-1 C23H38N7O17P3S
Direct Blue 297 Direct Blue 297
Solvent Orange  99 Solvent Orange 99 110342-29-5
Disperse Orange 31 Disperse Orange 31 61968-38-5 C19H19N5O4
Acid Orange 154 Acid Orange 154
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