dye

Dyes refer to the organic substances enable the strong coloring of fiber and some other materials. There are various kinds of dyes. According to the source, they can be divided into natural dyes (such as vegetable dyes, animal dyes and mineral dyes, etc.) and synthetic dyes (or artificial dyes). According to the molecular structure, it can be divided into azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, aromatic dyes and nitro dyes. Based on the application methods, it can be divided into acid dyes, basic dyes, sulfur dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, direct dyes and so on. Dyes have color, but substance having color does not necessarily belong to dyes. Dye must have a chromophore and auxochrome group. Dye contained in the ink should also have water-soluble group such as sulfonic acid group.

Natural dyes are dyes obtained from animals, plants and minerals. According to sources they can be divided into:
1    Plant dyes; dyes extracted from the roots, stems, leaves and fruit of some plants such as indigo extracted from the leaves of indigo (blue); curcumin extracted from turmeric (yellow); alizarin extracted from madder (red) and so on;
2    Animal dyes; dyes extracted from animal body such as carmine extracted from cochineal, etc;
3    Mineral dyes; dyes extracted from the colored inorganic substance of mineral such as chrome yellow, ultramarine blue, brown and other manganese. Owing to its various disadvantages compared with artificial dyes such as incomplete chromatography, application inconvenience and poor fastness, most natural dyes have been eliminated except for a few still in use.

Synthetic dyes, also known as "artificial dyes." is mainly made through the chemical processing of coal tar (or oil processing) fractionation products (such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and carbazole, etc.), sometimes are also known as coal tar dyes. Since the earliest several synthetic dyes all took aniline as raw material, it is also known as "aniline dyes." Compared with the natural dyes, synthetic dyes have various kinds with complete chromatography and most of them being colorful, washable and being able to be produced in large scale. Thus, almost all of the current so-called dye refers to synthetic dyes with its dyeing products being one of the common samples of Forensic evidence.

There are two ways for classifications of dyes:
The first type is the basic chemical taxonomy based on the chromophore. According to this, dyes can be classified into azo dyes, sulfur dyes, anthraquinone dyes, indigo dyes, heterocyclic dyes and phthalocyanine dyes, 10 categories in total.

The second type is based on the property of the dye to the fiber or coloring properties. Based on this, the dyes can be divided into acid dyes, neutral dyes, azoic dyes, basic dyes, cationic dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, sulfur dyes, vat dyes and other dyes, 14 categories in total.

There are various kinds of dyes of different properties and wide range of applications. However, dyes used as physical evidence are largely fixed in textile fibers or paper, or as a kind of organizational component of ink, printing ink and pen oil. Usually after extraction, it can subject to comparison testing using micro-chemical method, thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, UV - visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy.

The international development of dye was very rapid in 1970s while people have mainly focused on develop new varieties and improve quality since 1990s with the annual output being maintained at the level of 100 million tons.

Chinese dyes got rapid development in 1980s with the main focus being improving the quality after 1990 as well. The production output still maintain a certain growth rate with annual output being around 300,000 t. In 2000, the output is 315 600 t. Dyes used for textile dyeing account about 85% with the rest being used for the coloring of leather, plastic, paper and paint.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
ACID RED 8 ACID RED 8 4787-93-3 C18H17N2NaO7S2
Acid Orange 3RL Acid Orange 3RL
Sulphur Dark Blue 3R Sulphur Dark Blue 3R
ACID BLUE 25 ACID BLUE 25 6408-78-2 C20H13N2NaO5S
Solvent Red 25 Solvent Red 25 3176-79-2 C24H20N4O
FLUORESCENT YELLOW 3G FLUORESCENT YELLOW 3G C36H45NO2S
Acid Brown  58 Acid Brown 58 12269-87-3
Disperse Orange 44 Disperse Orange 44 4058-30-4 C18H15ClN6O2
p,p',p''-tris(dimethylamino)tritylium m-[(p-anilinophenyl)azo]benzenesulphonate p,p',p''-tris(dimethylamino)tritylium m-[(p-anilinophenyl)azo]benzenesulphonate 65294-17-9 C43H44N6O3S
9 BROWN 9 9 BROWN 9
Acid Yellow 127 Acid Yellow 127 73384-78-8 C26H20Cl2N9NaO4S
disodium 4,4'-[methylenebis(4,1-phenyleneimino)]bis[1-amino-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulphonate] disodium 4,4'-[methylenebis(4,1-phenyleneimino)]bis[1-amino-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulphonate] 25826-34-0 C41H29N4NaO10S2
Acid dyestuff levelling agent Acid dyestuff levelling agent
Acid Brilliant Blue RL Acid Brilliant Blue RL
Sulphur Grass Green 715 Sulphur Grass Green 715
Acid Brown 215 Acid Brown 215
Direct Brown 161 Direct Brown 161
DISPERSE BLUE 72 DISPERSE BLUE 72 12217-81-1 C21H15NO3
Sulphur Yellow Brown Sulphur Yellow Brown
Direct Dark Green NB Direct Dark Green NB C36H22O13N9S2Na
C.I.Acid Yellow 151 C.I.Acid Yellow 151
Disperse Blue 359 Disperse Blue 359
Direct Orange S Direct Orange S 3626-36-6 C33H22N6Na2O9S2
Vat Black  38 Vat Black 38 12237-35-3
Vat Blue  43 Vat Blue 43 1327-79-3 C18H12N2O
2-(3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-N-(4-chloro-3-((4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino)phenyl)myristamide 2-(3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-N-(4-chloro-3-((4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino)phenyl)myristamide 61354-99-2 C39H48Cl4N4O4
DISPERSE GREEN DISPERSE GREEN
Vat Brilliant Violet 2R Vat Brilliant Violet 2R
Solvent Yellow 179 Solvent Yellow 179 80748-21-6
Acid Red 226 Acid Red 226 12269-99-7 C32H22N10O8.Cr.Na
Basic Brown   1 Basic Brown 1 8052-76-4
Acid Orange 171 Acid Orange 171
ACID BLUE 82 ACID BLUE 82 12217-19-5
Disperse Brown 3R Disperse Brown 3R
C.I. Disperse Blue A press cake C.I. Disperse Blue A press cake 88102-88-9 C16H20N6O6S
Solvent Red 111 Solvent Red 111
Leather Black Leather Black
C.I.Acid Brown 75 C.I.Acid Brown 75
ACID BLACK 24 ACID BLACK 24 3071-73-6 C36H26N5NaO6S2
ACID YELLOW 14 (C.I. 18960) ACID YELLOW 14 (C.I. 18960) 6359-97-3 C16H13Cl2N4NaO4S
BASIC RED 15 BASIC RED 15 C25H29Cl2N3
Basic Blue  53 Basic Blue 53 11075-20-0 C17H17I3N4SZn
Solvent Yellow  47 Solvent Yellow 47 12227-04-2
Solvent Orange  56 Solvent Orange 56 12227-68-8 C16H13N5O7S
Sulphur Black   2 Sulphur Black 2 1326-85-8
Acid Blue 277 Acid Blue 277 25797-81-3 C24H24N3NaO8S2
Direct Blue 71 Direct Blue 71 4399-55-7 C40H28N7NaO13S4
Pigment Red 179 Pigment Red 179 5521-31-3 C26H14N2O4
ACID BLACK 52 ACID BLACK 52 5610-64-0 C60H36Cr2N9Na3O21S3
ACID BLACK 52 ACID BLACK 52 5610-64-0 C60H36Cr2N9Na3O21S3
SOLVENT ORANGE 3 SOLVENT ORANGE 3
Basic Red 54 Basic Red 54 12270-28-9
Acid Red 213 Acid Red 213 12715-60-5 C16H13N3O4S
Basic Yellow  49 Basic Yellow 49 55777-80-5 C14H17ClN4O
disodium 4-[[2,4-dihydroxy-3-[(4-sulphonatophenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]naphthalene-1-sulphonate disodium 4-[[2,4-dihydroxy-3-[(4-sulphonatophenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]naphthalene-1-sulphonate 5850-15-7 C22H14N4Na2O8S2
sodium 5-[(2-hydroxynaphthyl)azo]naphthalenesulphonate sodium 5-[(2-hydroxynaphthyl)azo]naphthalenesulphonate 5850-93-1 C20H13N2NaO4S
2,5-Cyclohexadien-1-one, 4-[[4-(phenylamino)phenyl]imino]-, reaction products with sodium sulfide (Na2(Sx)) 2,5-Cyclohexadien-1-one, 4-[[4-(phenylamino)phenyl]imino]-, reaction products with sodium sulfide (Na2(Sx)) 1327-59-9
Disperse Red FBL Disperse Red FBL
Catonic Orange G Catonic Orange G
Disperse Orange 288 Disperse Orange 288
Direct Violet B Direct Violet B
3-Hydroxy-4'-methoxy-2-naphthanilide 3-Hydroxy-4'-methoxy-2-naphthanilide 92-79-5 C18H15NO3
Direct Red 23 Direct Red 23 3441-14-3 C35H28N7NaO10S2
PROCION BLUE H-5R PROCION BLUE H-5R 12236-84-9 C29H14ClN7O14S4.Cu.4Na
Vat Orange 7 Vat Orange 7 4424-06-0 C26H12N4O2
Basic Blue  62 Basic Blue 62 12221-36-2
Solvent Blue 74 Solvent Blue 74 128-86-9 C14H10N2O10S2
Sulphur Black 6 Sulphur Black 6 1327-16-8
2,2'-[(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis(azo)]bis[4-nonylphenol] 2,2'-[(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis(azo)]bis[4-nonylphenol] 67990-27-6 C44H58N4O2
2-(3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-N-(4-chloro-3-((4-((3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)azo)-4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino)phenyl)myristamide 2-(3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-N-(4-chloro-3-((4-((3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)azo)-4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)amino)phenyl)myristamide 65293-90-5 C47H56Cl4N6O6
3-[(2-hydroxyethyl)[4-[(4-nitrophenyl)azo]phenyl]amino]propiononitrile 3-[(2-hydroxyethyl)[4-[(4-nitrophenyl)azo]phenyl]amino]propiononitrile 6657-32-5 C17H17N5O3
hydrogen bis[3-[(4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)azo]-4-hydroxybenzene-1-sulphonamidato(2-)]chromate(1-) hydrogen bis[3-[(4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)azo]-4-hydroxybenzene-1-sulphonamidato(2-)]chromate(1-) 30112-70-0 C32H27CrN10O8S2
4 VAT BLUE 4 4 VAT BLUE 4
Acid Blue 127:1 Acid Blue 127:1 C41H26N4Na2O10S2
Acid Red 260 Acid Red 260 12239-07-5
Catonic Black O Catonic Black O
Disperse Violet S press cake Disperse Violet S press cake 75575-40-5 C13H14ClN5O4S
Disperse Blue FG Disperse Blue FG
DIRECT BLACK 38 DIRECT BLACK 38 381937-37-7
C.I. SOLVENT BLACK 28) C.I. SOLVENT BLACK 28) 12237-23-9
Acid Blue 9 Acid Blue 9 2650-18-2 C37H39N3O9S3
DISPERSE BLUE 281 DISPERSE BLUE 281
SIRIUS SUPRA RED VIOLET B SIRIUS SUPRA RED VIOLET B 7198-99-4 C35H31N8NaO17S4
Solvent Blue 35 Solvent Blue 35 17354-14-2 C22H26N2O2
DISPERSE RED 17 DISPERSE RED 17 3179-89-3 C17H20N4O4
Basic Red  49 Basic Red 49 12270-23-4
Acid Black  26 Acid Black 26 6262-07-3 C32H21N5O7S2.2Na
Solvent yellow 12 Solvent yellow 12 6370-43-0 C14H14N2O
disodium 3-[[4-[[4-amino-6(or 7)-sulphonatonaphthyl]azo]phenyl]azo]-6-[(2,4-diaminophenyl)azo]-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulphonate disodium 3-[[4-[[4-amino-6(or 7)-sulphonatonaphthyl]azo]phenyl]azo]-6-[(2,4-diaminophenyl)azo]-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulphonate 8003-62-1 C32H23N9Na2O7S2
disodium 3-[[5-chloro-2-(phenylmethoxy)phenyl]azo]-4-hydroxy-5-[[(p-tolyl)sulphonyl]amino]naphthalene-2,7-disulphonate disodium 3-[[5-chloro-2-(phenylmethoxy)phenyl]azo]-4-hydroxy-5-[[(p-tolyl)sulphonyl]amino]naphthalene-2,7-disulphonate 6826-53-5 C30H22ClN3Na2O10S3
Polysulfurized 4-[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)amino]phenol Polysulfurized 4-[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)amino]phenol 60569-85-9
B2R DIRECT BLUE B2R B2R DIRECT BLUE B2R
disperse Navy Blue 6G disperse Navy Blue 6G
Acid Yellow 118 Acid Yellow 118 12270-05-2
Acid Brown  50 Acid Brown 50 12269-86-2
SOLVENT RED 195 SOLVENT RED 195 164251-88-1
Sulfur Grass Green Sulfur Grass Green
Sulfur Black 2BR Sulfur Black 2BR
5-CHLORO-2-METHOXYANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE 5-CHLORO-2-METHOXYANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE 4274-03-7 C7H9Cl2NO
BISMARCK BROWN R BISMARCK BROWN R 5421-66-9 C21H25ClN8
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