dye

Dyes refer to the organic substances enable the strong coloring of fiber and some other materials. There are various kinds of dyes. According to the source, they can be divided into natural dyes (such as vegetable dyes, animal dyes and mineral dyes, etc.) and synthetic dyes (or artificial dyes). According to the molecular structure, it can be divided into azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, aromatic dyes and nitro dyes. Based on the application methods, it can be divided into acid dyes, basic dyes, sulfur dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, direct dyes and so on. Dyes have color, but substance having color does not necessarily belong to dyes. Dye must have a chromophore and auxochrome group. Dye contained in the ink should also have water-soluble group such as sulfonic acid group.

Natural dyes are dyes obtained from animals, plants and minerals. According to sources they can be divided into:
1    Plant dyes; dyes extracted from the roots, stems, leaves and fruit of some plants such as indigo extracted from the leaves of indigo (blue); curcumin extracted from turmeric (yellow); alizarin extracted from madder (red) and so on;
2    Animal dyes; dyes extracted from animal body such as carmine extracted from cochineal, etc;
3    Mineral dyes; dyes extracted from the colored inorganic substance of mineral such as chrome yellow, ultramarine blue, brown and other manganese. Owing to its various disadvantages compared with artificial dyes such as incomplete chromatography, application inconvenience and poor fastness, most natural dyes have been eliminated except for a few still in use.

Synthetic dyes, also known as "artificial dyes." is mainly made through the chemical processing of coal tar (or oil processing) fractionation products (such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and carbazole, etc.), sometimes are also known as coal tar dyes. Since the earliest several synthetic dyes all took aniline as raw material, it is also known as "aniline dyes." Compared with the natural dyes, synthetic dyes have various kinds with complete chromatography and most of them being colorful, washable and being able to be produced in large scale. Thus, almost all of the current so-called dye refers to synthetic dyes with its dyeing products being one of the common samples of Forensic evidence.

There are two ways for classifications of dyes:
The first type is the basic chemical taxonomy based on the chromophore. According to this, dyes can be classified into azo dyes, sulfur dyes, anthraquinone dyes, indigo dyes, heterocyclic dyes and phthalocyanine dyes, 10 categories in total.

The second type is based on the property of the dye to the fiber or coloring properties. Based on this, the dyes can be divided into acid dyes, neutral dyes, azoic dyes, basic dyes, cationic dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, sulfur dyes, vat dyes and other dyes, 14 categories in total.

There are various kinds of dyes of different properties and wide range of applications. However, dyes used as physical evidence are largely fixed in textile fibers or paper, or as a kind of organizational component of ink, printing ink and pen oil. Usually after extraction, it can subject to comparison testing using micro-chemical method, thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, UV - visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy.

The international development of dye was very rapid in 1970s while people have mainly focused on develop new varieties and improve quality since 1990s with the annual output being maintained at the level of 100 million tons.

Chinese dyes got rapid development in 1980s with the main focus being improving the quality after 1990 as well. The production output still maintain a certain growth rate with annual output being around 300,000 t. In 2000, the output is 315 600 t. Dyes used for textile dyeing account about 85% with the rest being used for the coloring of leather, plastic, paper and paint.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
sodium 3-[[4-(benzoylethylamino)-2-methylphenyl]azo]-4-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulphonate sodium 3-[[4-(benzoylethylamino)-2-methylphenyl]azo]-4-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulphonate 6245-59-6 C26H24N3NaO5S
methyl 1-methyl-4-[(methylphenylhydrazono)methyl]pyridinium sulphate methyl 1-methyl-4-[(methylphenylhydrazono)methyl]pyridinium sulphate 68259-00-7 C15H19N3O4S
Acid Violet 109 Acid Violet 109 12220-63-2
ACID BROWN 422 ACID BROWN 422 126851-39-6
Solvent Blue 102 Solvent Blue 102 15403-56-2 C18H18N2O2
Vat Brown 5 Vat Brown 5 3989-75-1 C24H12O2S2
Solvent Brown 53 Solvent Brown 53 64696-98-6 C18H10N4NiO2
Solvent Red 30 Solvent Red 30 6226-87-5 C34H39N5O7S2
ACID BLUE 41 ACID BLUE 41 2666-17-3 C23H20N3NaO6S
Vat Green 1 Vat Green 1 128-58-5 C36H20O4
ACID BLUE 158 ACID BLUE 158 C20H12N2Na2O8S2
FAST RED SALT ITR FAST RED SALT ITR 27580-14-9 C11H16ClN3O3S
STILBENE YELLOW STILBENE YELLOW 1325-37-7 C16H10N2Na2O7S2
Pigment Red 195 Pigment Red 195 4203-77-4 C32H22N4O2
C.I.Disperse Yellow 71 C.I.Disperse Yellow 71
Acid Yellow RXL Acid Yellow RXL
Solvent Red  33 Solvent Red 33 61813-61-4
Acid Orange  86 Acid Orange 86 12220-07-4
SOLVENT BLUE 48 SOLVENT BLUE 48 61711-30-6
Sulfur Brilliant Green Sulfur Brilliant Green
C.I.Vat Red 15 C.I.Vat Red 15
Sulphur Blue CV Sulphur Blue CV
Disperse Red 343 Disperse Red 343 99035-78-6 C20H22N6O2S
C.I.Direct Green 1 C.I.Direct Green 1
Week Acid Dyes Week Acid Dyes
Disperse Blue 3G Disperse Blue 3G
C.I.Acid Yellow 23 C.I.Acid Yellow 23
2,4,5,8-TETRAMETHYLQUINOLINE 2,4,5,8-TETRAMETHYLQUINOLINE 39581-63-0 C13H15N
2-METHYL-4-NITROBENZENEDIAZONIUM TETRAFLUOROBORATE 2-METHYL-4-NITROBENZENEDIAZONIUM TETRAFLUOROBORATE 455-90-3 C7H6BF4N3O2
SOLVENT YELLOW 93 SOLVENT YELLOW 93 190086-12-5 C21H18N4O2
Disperse Blue 93 Disperse Blue 93 12235-95-9
Solvent Red 151 Solvent Red 151 114013-41-1
Basic Blue  54 Basic Blue 54 15000-59-6 C18H22N4O5S2
sodium 4-hydroxy-5-[(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)azo]-6-(phenylamino)naphthalene-2-sulphonate sodium 4-hydroxy-5-[(2-methoxy-4-nitrophenyl)azo]-6-(phenylamino)naphthalene-2-sulphonate 6222-55-5 C23H17N4NaO7S
sodium 6-amino-4-hydroxy-5-[[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonate sodium 6-amino-4-hydroxy-5-[[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonate 67786-14-5 C17H13F3N3NaO4S
Acid Orange 127 Acid Orange 127 12269-96-4 C24H19N4NaO4S
Direct Red  83:1 Direct Red 83:1 90880-77-6
1-(2,4,6-Trichlorophenyl)-3-[3-(2,4-di-tert-pentylphenoxy)acetamidobenzamido]-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)azo-2-pyrazolin-5-one 1-(2,4,6-Trichlorophenyl)-3-[3-(2,4-di-tert-pentylphenoxy)acetamidobenzamido]-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)azo-2-pyrazolin-5-one 55664-78-3 C41H43Cl3N6O5
Vat Blue 6 Vat Blue 6 130-20-1 C28H12Cl2N2O4
Neutral Black Brl Neutral Black Brl 12219-14-6
Solvent Blue 8 Solvent Blue 8 12262-49-6 C16H18ClN3S
Solvent Yellow 15 Solvent Yellow 15 15876-56-9 C52H81N7O9S2
Acid Brown 365 Acid Brown 365 63641-88-3
Acid Brown 191 Acid Brown 191 61724-16-1
Disperse Orange  47 Disperse Orange 47 12236-03-2
Disperse Red 221 Disperse Red 221 64426-35-3
Disperse Red 146 Disperse Red 146 59763-30-3 C21H15NO5
Disperse Yellow  56 Disperse Yellow 56 54077-16-6 C21H15N5O2
SOLVENT RED 122:1 SOLVENT RED 122:1
Direct Violet R Direct Violet R
Direct Dark Brown NM Direct Dark Brown NM 220308-48-5 C30H23N6NaO8S
DisperseYellow39 DisperseYellow39 12236-29-2 C17H16N2O
C.I.Acid Brown 37 C.I.Acid Brown 37
Disperse Red BLS Disperse Red BLS
Sulfur Green (Mixed) Sulfur Green (Mixed)
Vat Grass Yellow GB Vat Grass Yellow GB
Disperse Brown V press cake Disperse Brown V press cake
Neutral Green GK Neutral Green GK
Solubilised Sulphur Black Solubilised Sulphur Black
Direct Scarlet 4BE Direct Scarlet 4BE
Basic Scarlet G Basic Scarlet G
Black X-FBL Black X-FBL
Direct Bordeaux BE Direct Bordeaux BE
Disperse Rubine B Disperse Rubine B
Solvent Violet 48 Solvent Violet 48
Acid Blue D Acid Blue D
Bentonite,calcium base Bentonite,calcium base
Acid Brown SS Acid Brown SS
C.I.Solvent Orange 54 C.I.Solvent Orange 54
C.I.Direct Black 173 C.I.Direct Black 173
Cationic starch Cationic starch
Neutral Black 2BL Neutral Black 2BL
C.I. Solvent Yellow 89 C.I. Solvent Yellow 89 61969-51-5
ACID YELLOW 99 ACID YELLOW 99 10343-58-5 C16H11CrN4NaO9S
Litmuspaperneutral
Litmuspaperneutral
NAPHTHOL AS-LT NAPHTHOL AS-LT 3689-20-1 C19H17NO3
Fast red KL base Fast red KL base 12216-86-3 C8H10N2O2
FAST ORANGE GC SALT FAST ORANGE GC SALT 17333-84-5 C6H4ClN2+
Solvent Blue 59 Solvent Blue 59 6994-46-3 C18H18N2O2
Acid Violet 48 Acid Violet 48 12220-51-8 C37H38N2Na2O9S2
REACTIVE RED 120 REACTIVE RED 120 61951-82-4 C44H30Cl2N14O20S6
Solvent Blue 36 Solvent Blue 36 14233-37-5 C20H22N2O2
REACTIVE BLACK 5 REACTIVE BLACK 5 17095-24-8 C26H26N5NaO19S6
Azoic Diazo Component 34 Azoic Diazo Component 34 16047-24-8 C7H6N3O2+
BASIC BLUE 41 (C.I. 11105) BASIC BLUE 41 (C.I. 11105) 12270-13-2 C20H26N4O6S2
ACID ORANGE 63 ACID ORANGE 63 15792-50-4 C35H26N6Na2O10S3
Disperse Orange 25 Disperse Orange 25 31482-56-1 C17H17N5O2
Disperse Red 153 Disperse Red 153 78564-87-1 C18H15Cl2N5S
Vat Orange 16 Vat Orange 16 10142-57-1 C29H13NO5
Sulphur Brown 5 Sulphur Brown 5 1327-00-0
Direct Grey D Direct Grey D 2945-96-2 C24H23N6NaO5S
Solvent Red 8 Solvent Red 8 33270-70-1 C32H23CrN10O8
Disperse Rubine S-2GFL Disperse Rubine S-2GFL 61968-52-3 C24H26IN5O7
Vat Yellow 12 (C.I.) Vat Yellow 12 (C.I.) 6370-75-8 C44H26N4O8
Acid Black 241 Acid Black 241 84170-03-6 C28H23N10NaO9S2
Acid Blue BGL Acid Blue BGL 88264-80-6 C22H16N3O6S.Na
1,4-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)amino]anthraquinone 1,4-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)amino]anthraquinone 29887-08-9 C30H42N2O2
tetrasodium 2-[[4-[[4-[[1-hydroxy-6-(phenylamino)-3-sulphonato-2-naphthyl]azo]-7-sulphonato-1-naphthyl]azo]-1-naphthyl]azo]benzene-1,4-disulphonate tetrasodium 2-[[4-[[4-[[1-hydroxy-6-(phenylamino)-3-sulphonato-2-naphthyl]azo]-7-sulphonato-1-naphthyl]azo]-1-naphthyl]azo]benzene-1,4-disulphonate 6428-58-6 C42H25N7Na4O13S4
2,2'-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyl)bis[1-aminoanthraquinone] 2,2'-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyl)bis[1-aminoanthraquinone] 52591-25-0 C30H16N4O5
5-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)azo]-1,2-dihydro-6-hydroxy-1,4-dimethyl-2-oxonicotinonitrile 5-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)azo]-1,2-dihydro-6-hydroxy-1,4-dimethyl-2-oxonicotinonitrile 83249-52-9 C14H10Cl2N4O2
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