dye

Dyes refer to the organic substances enable the strong coloring of fiber and some other materials. There are various kinds of dyes. According to the source, they can be divided into natural dyes (such as vegetable dyes, animal dyes and mineral dyes, etc.) and synthetic dyes (or artificial dyes). According to the molecular structure, it can be divided into azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, aromatic dyes and nitro dyes. Based on the application methods, it can be divided into acid dyes, basic dyes, sulfur dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, direct dyes and so on. Dyes have color, but substance having color does not necessarily belong to dyes. Dye must have a chromophore and auxochrome group. Dye contained in the ink should also have water-soluble group such as sulfonic acid group.

Natural dyes are dyes obtained from animals, plants and minerals. According to sources they can be divided into:
1    Plant dyes; dyes extracted from the roots, stems, leaves and fruit of some plants such as indigo extracted from the leaves of indigo (blue); curcumin extracted from turmeric (yellow); alizarin extracted from madder (red) and so on;
2    Animal dyes; dyes extracted from animal body such as carmine extracted from cochineal, etc;
3    Mineral dyes; dyes extracted from the colored inorganic substance of mineral such as chrome yellow, ultramarine blue, brown and other manganese. Owing to its various disadvantages compared with artificial dyes such as incomplete chromatography, application inconvenience and poor fastness, most natural dyes have been eliminated except for a few still in use.

Synthetic dyes, also known as "artificial dyes." is mainly made through the chemical processing of coal tar (or oil processing) fractionation products (such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and carbazole, etc.), sometimes are also known as coal tar dyes. Since the earliest several synthetic dyes all took aniline as raw material, it is also known as "aniline dyes." Compared with the natural dyes, synthetic dyes have various kinds with complete chromatography and most of them being colorful, washable and being able to be produced in large scale. Thus, almost all of the current so-called dye refers to synthetic dyes with its dyeing products being one of the common samples of Forensic evidence.

There are two ways for classifications of dyes:
The first type is the basic chemical taxonomy based on the chromophore. According to this, dyes can be classified into azo dyes, sulfur dyes, anthraquinone dyes, indigo dyes, heterocyclic dyes and phthalocyanine dyes, 10 categories in total.

The second type is based on the property of the dye to the fiber or coloring properties. Based on this, the dyes can be divided into acid dyes, neutral dyes, azoic dyes, basic dyes, cationic dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, sulfur dyes, vat dyes and other dyes, 14 categories in total.

There are various kinds of dyes of different properties and wide range of applications. However, dyes used as physical evidence are largely fixed in textile fibers or paper, or as a kind of organizational component of ink, printing ink and pen oil. Usually after extraction, it can subject to comparison testing using micro-chemical method, thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, UV - visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy.

The international development of dye was very rapid in 1970s while people have mainly focused on develop new varieties and improve quality since 1990s with the annual output being maintained at the level of 100 million tons.

Chinese dyes got rapid development in 1980s with the main focus being improving the quality after 1990 as well. The production output still maintain a certain growth rate with annual output being around 300,000 t. In 2000, the output is 315 600 t. Dyes used for textile dyeing account about 85% with the rest being used for the coloring of leather, plastic, paper and paint.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
Disperse Blue 291 Disperse Blue 291 56548-64-2 C19H21BrN6O6
Solvent Yellow 93 Solvent Yellow 93 4702-90-3 C21H18N4O2
Acid Yellow 44 Acid Yellow 44 2429-76-7 C34H33N6NaO10S2
Neutral red paper Neutral red paper
2,4-dichloro-3-ethyl-6-[α-(2,4-ditertamylphenoxy)-n-butyramido]phenol 2,4-dichloro-3-ethyl-6-[α-(2,4-ditertamylphenoxy)-n-butyramido]phenol C28H39NO3Cl2
6 SULPHUR RED 6 6 SULPHUR RED 6
BLACK BO SULPHAR DYES BLACK BO BLACK BO SULPHAR DYES BLACK BO
Disperse Blue 143 Disperse Blue 143 61968-28-3 C22H24N4O4
Direct Black  19 Direct Black 19 6428-31-5 C34H30N13NaO7S2
Reactive Orange 5 Reactive Orange 5 70210-21-8 C26H17ClN7Na3O10S3
Solvent Red 210 Solvent Red 210 72928-10-0 C26H22ClN3O2
Disperse Red  53 Disperse Red 53 59787-78-9 C19H19NO6
SOLVENT BROWN 20 SOLVENT BROWN 20 61813-86-3 C86H86N16O14S4
Solvent Red  13 Solvent Red 13 6410-21-5 C17H13N3O4
Solvent Blue  58 Solvent Blue 58 61814-09-3
Sulfur Black Green Sulfur Black Green
Vat Brown GN Vat Brown GN
C.I. Disperse Blue F press cake C.I. Disperse Blue F press cake
Acid Yellow PL Acid Yellow PL
Direct Red 239 Direct Red 239
Basic Brown GN Basic Brown GN
Disperse Orange 41 Disperse Orange 41 12217-05-9
Water-proofing agent for leather Water-proofing agent for leather
C.I.Disperse Red 50 C.I.Disperse Red 50 C17H16ClN5O2
Vat Blue BB Vat Blue BB
Direct Turquoise Blue Direct Turquoise Blue
Disperse Yellow 5GR Disperse Yellow 5GR
Brilliant Red B Brilliant Red B
C.I. Acid blue 72 C.I. Acid blue 72 12219-17-9
ACID BROWN 14 ACID BROWN 14 C26H16N4Na2O8S2
Aizen Aizen
DISPERSE BLACK 1 DISPERSE BLACK 1 6054-48-4 C16H14N4
Manual Registration Manual Registration 61814-20-8
BASIC ORANGE 21 BASIC ORANGE 21 3056-93-7 C22H23ClN2
Vat Orange 9 Vat Orange 9 128-70-1 C30H14O2
ACID BLUE 80 ACID BLUE 80 4474-24-2 C32H31N2NaO8S2
Disperse Orange 29 Disperse Orange 29 19800-42-1 C19H15N5O4
SOLVENT RED 135 SOLVENT RED 135 71902-17-5 C18H6Cl4N2O
3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoyl-ortho-phenetidide 3-Hydroxy-2-naphthoyl-ortho-phenetidide 92-74-0 C19H17NO3
VAT DYES VAT DYES
CI 11875 CI 11875 6247-28-5 C13H10N4O6
Disperse Orange 73 Disperse Orange 73 40690-89-9 C24H21N5O4
Vat Red 14 Vat Red 14 8005-56-9 2C26H12N4O2
Vat Orange 15 Vat Orange 15 2379-78-4 C42H23N3O6
CI NO 46040 CI NO 46040 4215-95-6 C16H18ClN3
METHYL VIOLET METHYL VIOLET 603-47-4 C24H28ClN3
Solvent Red 135 Solvent Red 135 20749-68-2 C18H6Cl4N2O
DIRECT YELLOW 62 (C.I. 36900) DIRECT YELLOW 62 (C.I. 36900) 6409-90-1 C35H27N5Na2O9S2
SOLVENT ORANGE 60 SOLVENT ORANGE 60 61969-47-9 C18H10N2O
Solvent Red 52 Solvent Red 52 81-39-0 C24H18N2O2
Vat Red 15 Vat Red 15 4216-02-8 C26H12N4O2
Basic Red  22 Basic Red 22 12221-52-2 C15H21IN6
Vat Blue 14 Vat Blue 14 1324-27-2 C29H14ClNO4
Disperse Yellow Se-Fl Disperse Yellow Se-Fl 5124-25-4 C18H15N3O4S
Basic Blue  57 Basic Blue 57 12221-31-7
Direct Yellow 106 Direct Yellow 106 12222-60-5 C48H33N8NaO18S6
Vat Violet 1 Vat Violet 1 1324-55-6 C34H14Cl2O2
Vat Brown 23 Vat Brown 23 1328-26-3
Solvent Black 34 Solvent Black 34 32517-36-5 C32H19CrN6O8
Solvent Red 31 Solvent Red 31 6226-90-0 C34H39N5O10S3
disodium 5-((4-acetylamino-2-sulphophenyl)azo)-6-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2-disulphonate disodium 5-((4-acetylamino-2-sulphophenyl)azo)-6-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2-disulphonate 6360-07-2 C18H17N4NaO8S2
Direct Black 168 Direct Black 168 85631-88-5 C34H28N9NaO11S3
[1,3,8,10-tetrahydro-1,3,8,10-tetraoxoanthra[2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d'e'f']diisoquinoline-2,9-diyl]di-m-phenylene bis(thiocyanate) [1,3,8,10-tetrahydro-1,3,8,10-tetraoxoanthra[2,1,9-def:6,5,10-d'e'f']diisoquinoline-2,9-diyl]di-m-phenylene bis(thiocyanate) 67923-45-9 C38H16N4O4S2
3-[ethyl[4-[(6-nitrobenzothiazol-2-yl)azo]phenyl]amino]propiononitrile 3-[ethyl[4-[(6-nitrobenzothiazol-2-yl)azo]phenyl]amino]propiononitrile 25510-81-0 C18H16N6O2S
disodium 8-[[3,3'-dimethoxy-4'-[[4-[[(p-tolyl)sulphonyl]oxy]phenyl]azo][1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]azo]-7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulphonate disodium 8-[[3,3'-dimethoxy-4'-[[4-[[(p-tolyl)sulphonyl]oxy]phenyl]azo][1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]azo]-7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulphonate 6548-30-7 C37H28N4Na2O12S3
2-[2-[4-(diethylamino)phenyl]vinyl]-1,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indolium chloride 2-[2-[4-(diethylamino)phenyl]vinyl]-1,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indolium chloride 6359-45-1 C23H29ClN2
1-amino-4-[(1-methylethyl)amino]anthraquinone 1-amino-4-[(1-methylethyl)amino]anthraquinone 62649-65-4 C17H16N2O2
Copper, [29H,31H-phthalocyaninato(2-)-N29,N30,N31,N32]-, aminosulfonyl sulfo derivs., sodium salts Copper, [29H,31H-phthalocyaninato(2-)-N29,N30,N31,N32]-, aminosulfonyl sulfo derivs., sodium salts 90295-11-7
2-[3-(1,3-dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)prop-1-enyl]-1,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indolium chloride 2-[3-(1,3-dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)prop-1-enyl]-1,3,3-trimethyl-3H-indolium chloride 6320-14-5 C25H29ClN2
2-[(4-aminophenyl)azo]-1,3-dimethyl-1H-imidazolium chloride 2-[(4-aminophenyl)azo]-1,3-dimethyl-1H-imidazolium chloride 97404-02-9 C11H14ClN5
1,1'-[(6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)diimino]bis[3-acetyl-4-aminoanthraquinone] 1,1'-[(6-phenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl)diimino]bis[3-acetyl-4-aminoanthraquinone] 32220-82-9 C41H27N7O6
CATIONIC DYES CATIONIC DYES
Solvent Violet  49 Solvent Violet 49 205057-15-4 C27H14N4NiO4
Acid Black 210 Acid Black 210 99576-15-5 C34H28KN11O11S3
Acid Brown 121 Acid Brown 121 6487-04-3 C28H19N8NaO14S2
Direct Violet  12 Direct Violet 12 2429-75-6 C32H25N6NaO8S2
DISPERSE VIOLET S DISPERSE VIOLET S
Disperse Yellow FL Disperse Yellow FL
Vat Brown R-M Vat Brown R-M
Solvent Red 28 Solvent Red 28
C.I.Basic Yellow 96 C.I.Basic Yellow 96
Cationic Red B Cationic Red B C25H29Cl2N3
Cationic Black X-O Cationic Black X-O
Leather slipping agent Leather slipping agent
N,N'-m-Phenylenedimaleimide N,N'-m-Phenylenedimaleimide C14H8N2O4
DIRECT VIOLET 51 DIRECT VIOLET 51 5489-77-0 C32H30N5NaO8S2
Cationic Blue GL Cationic Blue GL
Direct Red 254 Direct Red 254
Neutral Black LD Neutral Black LD
Sulphur Blue RN Sulphur Blue RN
Direct Grey GL Direct Grey GL
Direct Brilliant Yellow 2G Direct Brilliant Yellow 2G
C.I.Acid Red 211 C.I.Acid Red 211
Disperse Blue 60 Disperse Blue 60 12217-80-0 C20H17N3O5
DIRECT BLACK 170 DIRECT BLACK 170
VAT BROWN 3 VAT BROWN 3 C42H23N3O6
Naphtanilide EL Naphtanilide EL 137-52-0 C18H14ClNO3
Basic Red 1:1 Basic Red 1:1 3068-39-1 C27H29ClN2O3
Direct Blue 199 Direct Blue 199 12222-04-7
Vat Yellow 33 Vat Yellow 33 12227-50-8 C54H32N4O6
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