dye

Dyes refer to the organic substances enable the strong coloring of fiber and some other materials. There are various kinds of dyes. According to the source, they can be divided into natural dyes (such as vegetable dyes, animal dyes and mineral dyes, etc.) and synthetic dyes (or artificial dyes). According to the molecular structure, it can be divided into azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes, phthalocyanine dyes, aromatic dyes and nitro dyes. Based on the application methods, it can be divided into acid dyes, basic dyes, sulfur dyes, reactive dyes, disperse dyes, direct dyes and so on. Dyes have color, but substance having color does not necessarily belong to dyes. Dye must have a chromophore and auxochrome group. Dye contained in the ink should also have water-soluble group such as sulfonic acid group.

Natural dyes are dyes obtained from animals, plants and minerals. According to sources they can be divided into:
1    Plant dyes; dyes extracted from the roots, stems, leaves and fruit of some plants such as indigo extracted from the leaves of indigo (blue); curcumin extracted from turmeric (yellow); alizarin extracted from madder (red) and so on;
2    Animal dyes; dyes extracted from animal body such as carmine extracted from cochineal, etc;
3    Mineral dyes; dyes extracted from the colored inorganic substance of mineral such as chrome yellow, ultramarine blue, brown and other manganese. Owing to its various disadvantages compared with artificial dyes such as incomplete chromatography, application inconvenience and poor fastness, most natural dyes have been eliminated except for a few still in use.

Synthetic dyes, also known as "artificial dyes." is mainly made through the chemical processing of coal tar (or oil processing) fractionation products (such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene and carbazole, etc.), sometimes are also known as coal tar dyes. Since the earliest several synthetic dyes all took aniline as raw material, it is also known as "aniline dyes." Compared with the natural dyes, synthetic dyes have various kinds with complete chromatography and most of them being colorful, washable and being able to be produced in large scale. Thus, almost all of the current so-called dye refers to synthetic dyes with its dyeing products being one of the common samples of Forensic evidence.

There are two ways for classifications of dyes:
The first type is the basic chemical taxonomy based on the chromophore. According to this, dyes can be classified into azo dyes, sulfur dyes, anthraquinone dyes, indigo dyes, heterocyclic dyes and phthalocyanine dyes, 10 categories in total.

The second type is based on the property of the dye to the fiber or coloring properties. Based on this, the dyes can be divided into acid dyes, neutral dyes, azoic dyes, basic dyes, cationic dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, sulfur dyes, vat dyes and other dyes, 14 categories in total.

There are various kinds of dyes of different properties and wide range of applications. However, dyes used as physical evidence are largely fixed in textile fibers or paper, or as a kind of organizational component of ink, printing ink and pen oil. Usually after extraction, it can subject to comparison testing using micro-chemical method, thin layer chromatography, liquid chromatography, UV - visible absorption spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy.

The international development of dye was very rapid in 1970s while people have mainly focused on develop new varieties and improve quality since 1990s with the annual output being maintained at the level of 100 million tons.

Chinese dyes got rapid development in 1980s with the main focus being improving the quality after 1990 as well. The production output still maintain a certain growth rate with annual output being around 300,000 t. In 2000, the output is 315 600 t. Dyes used for textile dyeing account about 85% with the rest being used for the coloring of leather, plastic, paper and paint.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
tetrasodium 7,7'-[[6-(morpholin-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl]diimino]bis[4-hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxy-2-sulphonatophenyl)azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonate] tetrasodium 7,7'-[[6-(morpholin-4-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl]diimino]bis[4-hydroxy-3-[(4-methoxy-2-sulphonatophenyl)azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonate] 2184-11-4 C41H32N10Na4O17S4
disodium 5-[[4'-[(1-amino-4-sulphonato-2-naphthyl)azo][1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]azo]salicylate disodium 5-[[4'-[(1-amino-4-sulphonato-2-naphthyl)azo][1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]azo]salicylate 2429-79-0 C29H19N5Na2O6S
disodium 7-[(3-aminobenzoyl)amino]-4-hydroxy-3-[[4-[(4-sulphonatophenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonate disodium 7-[(3-aminobenzoyl)amino]-4-hydroxy-3-[[4-[(4-sulphonatophenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonate 5979-31-7 C29H20N6Na2O8S2
Direct Blue 201 Direct Blue 201 60800-55-7 C30H16Cl2N4Na2O8S2
Direct Blending Blue D-RGL Direct Blending Blue D-RGL C42H25O13N7S4Na4
DIRECT BLACK 22 DIRECT BLACK 22
Direct Blending Navy Blue D-R Direct Blending Navy Blue D-R 72586-15-3 C54H38N10O25S7
DIRECT BROWN 210 DIRECT BROWN 210
7-ISOPROPYLISATIN 7-ISOPROPYLISATIN 57816-97-4 C11H11NO2
DIRECT BROWN 210 DIRECT BROWN 210 12222-29-6
Tartrazine Tartrazine 477549-79-4
DIRECT YELLOW 27 DIRECT YELLOW 27 10190-68-8 C25H20N4Na2O9S3
7-amino-4-hydroxy-3-[[4-[(4-sulphophenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonic acid, compound with 2,2',2''-nitrilotriethanol (1:2) 7-amino-4-hydroxy-3-[[4-[(4-sulphophenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonic acid, compound with 2,2',2''-nitrilotriethanol (1:2) 64683-40-5 C28H32N6O10S2
Disperse Red   S-2GFL Disperse Red S-2GFL 26850-12-4 C23H26ClN5O7
disodium 5-[[4'-[(2-amino-8-hydroxy-6-sulphonato-1-naphthyl)azo][1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]azo]salicylate disodium 5-[[4'-[(2-amino-8-hydroxy-6-sulphonato-1-naphthyl)azo][1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]azo]salicylate 2429-84-7 C29H22N5NaO7S
Direct Red 239 Direct Red 239 60202-35-9
4-Iodo-2-nitroaniline 4-Iodo-2-nitroaniline 20691-72-9 C6H5IN2O2
disodium 7-[[3-[(4-aminobenzoyl)amino]benzoyl]amino]-4-hydroxy-3-[[4-[(4-sulphonatophenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonate disodium 7-[[3-[(4-aminobenzoyl)amino]benzoyl]amino]-4-hydroxy-3-[[4-[(4-sulphonatophenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonate 5905-22-6 C36H25N7Na2O9S2
trisodium 3-[[4-[[6-(anilino)-1-hydroxy-3-sulphonato-2-naphthyl]azo]-5-methoxy-o-tolyl]azo]naphthalene-1,5-disulphonate trisodium 3-[[4-[[6-(anilino)-1-hydroxy-3-sulphonato-2-naphthyl]azo]-5-methoxy-o-tolyl]azo]naphthalene-1,5-disulphonate 6227-20-9 C34H24N5Na3O11S3
Direct Green  85 Direct Green 85 72390-60-4 C36H30N7NaO8S2
Direct Blending Brilliant Yellow D-GL Direct Blending Brilliant Yellow D-GL
Direct Red  16 Direct Red 16 6227-02-7 C26H20N5NaO8S2
DIRECT SCARLET 4BS DIRECT SCARLET 4BS
DIANIL BROWN 3GN DIANIL BROWN 3GN 3811-71-0 C31H22N8Na2O6S
disodium 3-[[4-[[4-[(2,4-diamino-5-nitrophenyl)azo]-m-tolyl]azo]-o-tolyl]azo]naphthalene-1,5-disulphonate disodium 3-[[4-[[4-[(2,4-diamino-5-nitrophenyl)azo]-m-tolyl]azo]-o-tolyl]azo]naphthalene-1,5-disulphonate 6739-48-6 C30H26N9NaO8S2
DIRECT BLUE 200 DIRECT BLUE 200 12217-57-1
Direct Blending Yellow D-3RNL Direct Blending Yellow D-3RNL C68H48O26N16S8Na8
Zirconium oxide sulfate Zirconium oxide sulfate 62010-10-0 O5SZr
4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene 4-Vinyl-1-cyclohexene 100-40-3 C8H12
Acid Brown 349 Acid Brown 349 72827-73-7
7,7'-(carbonyldiimino)bis[4-hydroxy-3-[(6-sulpho-2-naphthyl)azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonic] acid, compound with 2,2',2''-nitrilotriethanol (1:4) 7,7'-(carbonyldiimino)bis[4-hydroxy-3-[(6-sulpho-2-naphthyl)azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonic] acid, compound with 2,2',2''-nitrilotriethanol (1:4) 36596-36-8 C65H88N10O27S4
disodium 7-[(4-aminobenzoyl)amino]-4-hydroxy-3-[[3-methyl-4-[(3-sulphonatophenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonate disodium 7-[(4-aminobenzoyl)amino]-4-hydroxy-3-[[3-methyl-4-[(3-sulphonatophenyl)azo]phenyl]azo]naphthalene-2-sulphonate 5979-32-8 C30H22N6Na2O8S2
disodium 3-[[4'-[[6-amino-1-hydroxy-3-sulphonato-2-naphthyl]azo]-3,3'-dimethoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]azo]-4-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulphonate disodium 3-[[4'-[[6-amino-1-hydroxy-3-sulphonato-2-naphthyl]azo]-3,3'-dimethoxy[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl]azo]-4-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulphonate 3818-60-8 C34H25N5Na2O10S2
disodium 5-[[4-[[6-[(4-aminobenzoyl)amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulphonato-2-naphthyl]azo]benzoyl]amino]salicylate disodium 5-[[4-[[6-[(4-aminobenzoyl)amino]-1-hydroxy-3-sulphonato-2-naphthyl]azo]benzoyl]amino]salicylate 6771-94-4 C31H21N5Na2O9S
Acid Brown 165 Acid Brown 165 61724-14-9
ACID RED 9 ACID RED 9 8003-59-6 C20H13N2NaO4S
DISPERSE BLUE 1 DISPERSE BLUE 1 2475-45-8 C14H12N4O2
ALIZARIN ASTROL ALIZARIN ASTROL 6408-51-1 C22H17N2NaO5S
CRYSTAL VIOLET CRYSTAL VIOLET 39393-39-0 C29H33ClN2O3
Disperse Blue 14 Disperse Blue 14 2475-44-7 C16H14N2O2
ACID GREEN 27 (C.I. 61580) ACID GREEN 27 (C.I. 61580) 6408-57-7 C34H35N2NaO8S2
AZOFUCHSIN AZOFUCHSIN 3567-66-6 C16H11N3Na2O7S2
Acid Black 2 Acid Black 2 8005-03-6 NULL
Direct fasting Direct fasting
Acid Orange 3 Acid Orange 3 6373-74-6 C18H13N4NaO7S
Acid Red 361 Acid Red 361 61931-22-4
Acid violet  90 Acid violet 90 6408-29-3 C40H27CrN8O10S2.2Na
Acid Yellow 117 Acid Yellow 117 6459-70-7 C39H30N8O8S2.2Na
Acid Brown 75 Acid Brown 75 8011-86-7 C10H9NO7S2
Solvent Red 179 Solvent Red 179 89106-94-5 C22H12N2O
tetrasodium 4,4'-[carbonylbis(imino-4,1-phenyleneazo)]bis[3-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulphonate] tetrasodium 4,4'-[carbonylbis(imino-4,1-phenyleneazo)]bis[3-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulphonate] 6771-81-9 C33H22N8Na4O15S4
Acid Yellow 220 Acid Yellow 220 70851-34-2 C46H32Cl2CoN8NaO14S2(-3)
2-[4-[(hexahydro-2,4,6-trioxo-5-pyrimidyl)azo]phenyl]-6-methylbenzothiazole-7-sulphonic acid, compound with 2,2',2''-nitrilotris[ethanol] (1:1) 2-[4-[(hexahydro-2,4,6-trioxo-5-pyrimidyl)azo]phenyl]-6-methylbenzothiazole-7-sulphonic acid, compound with 2,2',2''-nitrilotris[ethanol] (1:1) 65036-46-6 C24H28N6O9S2
Direct Red 224 Direct Red 224 12222-48-9
DISPERSE ORANGE 1 DISPERSE ORANGE 1 2581-69-3 C18H14N4O2
Acid Red 18 Acid Red 18 2611-82-7 C20H15N2NaO10S3
Direct Yellow 12 Direct Yellow 12 2870-32-8 C30H29N4NaO8S2
3-Amino-4-methoxybenzamide 3-Amino-4-methoxybenzamide 17481-27-5 C8H10N2O2
Basic Violet 11 Basic Violet 11 2390-63-8 C30H35ClN2O3
Tracid Rubine 5bl Tracid Rubine 5bl 12220-29-0 C26H24N5O5S.Na
Acid Orange 24 Acid Orange 24 1320-07-6 C20H17N4NaO5S
Disperse Blue 77 Disperse Blue 77 20241-76-3 C20H12N2O6
Acid Orange 67 Acid Orange 67 12220-06-3 C26H23N4NaO8S2
Disperse Red  92 Disperse Red 92 12236-11-2 C25H24N2O7S
Acid Yellow 116 Acid Yellow 116 12239-18-8 C217H15IN4O5S
Basic Yellow  29 Basic Yellow 29 39279-59-9 C13H17ClN6O2
BASIC BLUE 3 BASIC BLUE 3 73570-52-2 C20H26ClN3O
Disperse Red 9 Disperse Red 9 82-38-2 C15H11NO2
DISPERSE YELLOW 82 DISPERSE YELLOW 82 12239-58-6 C20H19N3O2
Fast Blue BB Fast Blue BB 120-00-3 C17H20N2O3
5-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline 5-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline 95-03-4 C7H8ClNO
Acid Red 131 Acid Red 131 12234-99-0
Acid Yellow 4R Acid Yellow 4R 12715-61-6 C32H29CoN8O10S2-
Basic Blue 7 Basic Blue 7 2390-60-5 C33H40ClN3
DIRECT BLUE 15 DIRECT BLUE 15 2429-74-5 C34H29N6NaO16S4
SULFORHODAMINE B SULFORHODAMINE B 3520-42-1 C27H31N2NaO7S2
Solvent Red 3 Solvent Red 3 6535-42-8 C18H16N2O2
EOSIN Y EOSIN Y C20H8Br4O5
Vat Red 32 Vat Red 32 2379-77-3 C36H16Cl2N2O4
Solvent Blue 45 Solvent Blue 45 37229-23-5
Solvent Violet 37 Solvent Violet 37 61969-50-4
Solvent Blue 70 Solvent Blue 70 12237-24-0
Direct Brown  95 Direct Brown 95 16071-86-6 C31H18CuN6NaO9S-
Acid Yellow 219 Acid Yellow 219 71819-57-3 C20H17N4NaO5S
Direct Black  80 Direct Black 80 8003-69-8 C36H23N8O11S3.3Na
Acid Black 172 Acid Black 172 61847-77-6 C40H24N6O14S2.Cr.2Na
ACID RED 106 ACID RED 106 6844-74-2 C23H17N3Na2O9S3
FUCHSIN BASIC FUCHSIN BASIC 632-99-5 C20H20ClN3
3-Amino-4-methoxybenzanilide 3-Amino-4-methoxybenzanilide 120-35-4 C14H14N2O2
ACID RED 1 ACID RED 1 3734-67-6 C18H13N3Na2O8S2
Acid Yellow 42 Acid Yellow 42 6375-55-9 C32H27N8NaO8S2
Solvent Blue 5 Solvent Blue 5 1325-86-6 C33H41N3O
Disperse Violet  63 Disperse Violet 63 64294-88-8 C19H19ClN6O3
CI 42500 CI 42500 25620-78-4 C19H18N3+
2-AMINO-4,4'-DICHLORODIPHENYL ETHER 2-AMINO-4,4'-DICHLORODIPHENYL ETHER 121-27-7 C12H9Cl2NO
AMMONIUM HYDROGEN TARTRATE AMMONIUM HYDROGEN TARTRATE 3095-65-6 C4H9NO6
Solvent Violet 13 Solvent Violet 13 81-48-1 C21H15NO3
ACID BLUE 62 ACID BLUE 62 4368-56-3 C20H20N2O5S
C.I. 14720 C.I. 14720 3567-69-9 C20H15N2NaO7S2
DISPERSE RED 60 DISPERSE RED 60 12223-37-9 C20H13NO4
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