Chinese Herbs

Herbal chemistry refers to the subject combines modern scientific theories and methods for studying the chemical composition of herbs. The research object of herbal chemistry is the chemical composition of herbs. Herb has a very complicate chemical composition, usually containing sugars, amino acids, proteins, fats, waxes , enzymes, pigments, vitamins, organic acids, tannins, inorganic salts, essential oils, alkaloids, glycosides and so on. Each herb may contain a variety of ingredients. In these ingredients, there are some types with obvious biological activity and can play a role in health care, often referred to as the active ingredient, such as alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils, amino acids and so on.

The reason why herbs have medical effects is mainly due to the active ingredients contained in them. In addition to the many kinds of herbal active ingredient that have already been studied and widely applied in the past, such as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial berberine, the ephedrine contained ephedra for asthma treatment, the anti-hypertension ingredient, reserpine contained in Rauvolfia verticillata, in recent years, it has been found of many more active ingredients contained in Chinese herb from both domestic and abroad. It has been particularly studied of the biological active ingredients in the field of anti-tumor, the treatment of cardiovascular disease and chronic bronchitis. Other ingredients are universally presented in the herbal kingdom, but usually have no biological activity without any pharmaceutical effect, thereby being known as "ineffective ingredients", such as carbohydrates, proteins, pigments, resins, and inorganic salts. However, the definition of “effective” and “ineffective” is not absolute, and some components originally considered as invalid have also become active ingredients later due to the presence of the biological activity contained in it. For example, the polysaccharide contained in mushrooms and poria cocos has certain anti-tumor effect; seaweed polysaccharide has lipid-lowering effect; the radices trichosanthis protein has a labor induction effect; tannin is widely presented in the herbal kingdom. Although it generally has no major effect on the treatment of diseases, thereby often being considered as a kind of inactive ingredient, the tannin contained in gall, Polygonum cuspidatum and sanguisorba officinalis, because of the high content and certain biological activity, is treated as a kind of active ingredient; another example is that the mucus is usually considered as ineffective ingredient, and is treated as an active ingredient in rhizome beltillae.

Owing to the development of modern science, the separation methods of all kinds of sophisticated quantitative methods tend to be fast, enabling the further deepened analysis on the chemical composition of herbs. In particular, people has combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, linking the separation, purification and identification, several steps together,  improving the speed and accuracy of structure determination, further opening broad prospects for the study of the chemical composition of herbs, in the 1950s, due to the discovery in folk medicine of blood pressure-lowering component, Rauwolfia alkaloids reserpine, and the discovery of the anticancer component, vincaleukoblastinum from Catharanthus roseus, there is a renewed emphasis on the study of the ingredients contained in folk herbal plant in the international scientific community. It is especially worth mentioning that many countries around the world are now competing on screening active anti-cancer ingredient from the plant drugs. In China, in recent years, it has been found from herbs Artemisia annua of artemisinin, being a fast-acting anti-malarial drug; the agrimophol identified from the bud and roots of Agrimonia pilosa has excellent tenia-expelling effect; the farrerol identified from Rhododendron and other studies on the components of ginseng and acanthopanax have all clarified that herbal chemistry has made substantial progress.

It can be expected that in the field of a number of drugs for the treatment of major disease, will soon obtain some new breakthroughs from plant ingredients. In the foundation of achieving a major success in the research of herbal and plant effective component, people has developed a new subject of plant tissue culture, which is a new area of research engaged in studying the production of secondary metabolites from plant tissue after artificial culture process, which aims to directionally produce a lot of active ingredients in favor of the industrial production. For example, the crude soap content in the ginseng tissue culture can be up to 21%. Meanwhile, it is promising that tissue culture can develop into an effective method of analyzing the biosynthetic pathway of plant components. The proposed chemical plant taxonomy in the recent nearly three decades is exactly the development of the chemical constituents of plants, namely hoping to develop a truly natural classification system from the distribution principle of metabolites in plants (chemical composition). It will promote the study of the kinship of plants from the angle of the chemical constituents.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
Mangostin Mangostin 6147-11-1 C24H26O6
Peiminine Peiminine 18059-10-4 C27H43NO3
Rhynchophylline Rhynchophylline 76-66-4 C22H28N2O4
Scopine hydrochloride Scopine hydrochloride 85700-55-6 C8H14ClNO2
HYPERFORIN HYPERFORIN 11079-53-1 C35H52O4
2-BUTENOIC ACID, 2-METHYL-, (5S,6S,7S,13AS)-5,6,7,13A-TETRAHYDRO-6-HYDROXY-1,2,3,13-TETRAMETHOXY-6,7-DIMETHYLBENZO[3,4]CYCLOOCTA[1,2-F][1,3]BENZODIOXOL-5-YL ESTER, (2Z)- 2-BUTENOIC ACID, 2-METHYL-, (5S,6S,7S,13AS)-5,6,7,13A-TETRAHYDRO-6-HYDROXY-1,2,3,13-TETRAMETHOXY-6,7-DIMETHYLBENZO[3,4]CYCLOOCTA[1,2-F][1,3]BENZODIOXOL-5-YL ESTER, (2Z)- 58546-55-7 C28H34O9
8-GINGEROL 8-GINGEROL 23513-08-8 C19H30O4
10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid 765-01-5 C10H18O3
D-ERYTHRO-SPHINGOSINE, N,N-DIMETHYL- D-ERYTHRO-SPHINGOSINE, N,N-DIMETHYL- 119567-63-4 C20H41NO2
Curcumol Curcumol 4871-97-0 C15H24O2
ALOPERINE ALOPERINE 56293-29-9 C15H24N2
Atractylenolide III Atractylenolide III 73030-71-4 C15H20O3
11-KETO-BETA-BOSWELLIC ACID 11-KETO-BETA-BOSWELLIC ACID 17019-92-0 C30H46O4
1,4-Cineole 1,4-Cineole 470-67-7 C10H18O
LAVENDUSTIN A LAVENDUSTIN A 125697-92-9 C21H19NO6
Actein Actein 18642-44-9 C37H56O11
WUWEIZISU C WUWEIZISU C 61301-33-5 C22H24O6
RESCINNAMINE RESCINNAMINE 24815-24-5 C35H42N2O9
HARMINE HYDROCHLORIDE HYDRATE HARMINE HYDROCHLORIDE HYDRATE C13H15ClN2O2
(+/-)-NICOTINE (+/-)-NICOTINE 22083-74-5 C10H14N2
ARCAINE SULFATE ARCAINE SULFATE 14923-17-2 C6H18N6O4S
Caulophylline Caulophylline 486-86-2 C12H16N2O
Cucurbitacin E Cucurbitacin E 18444-66-1 C32H44O8
CAFTARIC ACID CAFTARIC ACID 67879-58-7 C13H12O9
CYMARIN CYMARIN 508-77-0 C30H44O9
THEBAINE THEBAINE 115-37-7 C19H21NO3
RUSCOGENIN RUSCOGENIN 472-11-7 C27H42O4
Myristicin Myristicin 607-91-0 C11H12O3
SPIRAEOSIDE SPIRAEOSIDE 20229-56-5 C21H20O12
BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDURONIC ACID BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDURONIC ACID 51059-44-0 C22H20O11
CUCURBITACIN B CUCURBITACIN B 6199-67-3 C32H46O8
LIGNINE LIGNINE 9005-53-2 unspecified
Vasicine Vasicine 6159-55-3 C11H12N2O
Isosilybin Isosilybin 72581-71-6 C25H22O10
Epmedin B Epmedin B 110623-73-9 C38H48O19
VISNAGIN VISNAGIN 82-57-5 C13H10O4
DL-ERYTHRO-DIHYDROSPHINGOSINE DL-ERYTHRO-DIHYDROSPHINGOSINE 3102-56-5 C18H39NO2
ISOCORYDINE HYDROCHLORIDE ISOCORYDINE HYDROCHLORIDE 475-67-2 C20H23NO4
10-Gingerol 10-Gingerol 23513-15-7 C21H34O4
PONCIRIN PONCIRIN 14941-08-3 C28H34O14
1-Methyl-L-tryptophan 1-Methyl-L-tryptophan 21339-55-9 C12H14N2O2
SILYDIANIN SILYDIANIN 29782-68-1 C25H22O10
(+/-)-Tetrahydropapaverine (+/-)-Tetrahydropapaverine 13074-31-2 C20H25NO4
COPTISINE COPTISINE 3486-66-6 C19H14NO4+
Epmedin C Epmedin C 110642-44-9 C39 H50 O19
Ginkgolic acid Ginkgolic acid 22910-60-7 C22H34O3
4',5-DIHYDROXY-7-METHOXYFLAVONE 4',5-DIHYDROXY-7-METHOXYFLAVONE 437-64-9 C16H12O5
(-)-VERBENONE (-)-VERBENONE 1196-01-6 C10H14O
(-)-Pseudoephedrine (-)-Pseudoephedrine 321-97-1 C10H15NO
Atractylodin Atractylodin 55290-63-6 C13H10O
SYNEPHRINE SYNEPHRINE 582-84-3 C9H13NO2
ECHINOCYSTIC ACID ECHINOCYSTIC ACID 510-30-5 C30H48O4
SOPHORIDINE SOPHORIDINE 6882-68-4 C15H24N2O
HYOSCINE HYDROCHLORIDE HYOSCINE HYDROCHLORIDE 55-16-3 C17H22ClNO4
GAMMA-LUMICOLCHICINE GAMMA-LUMICOLCHICINE 6901-14-0 C22H25NO6
3-ACETYL-BETA-BOSWELLIC ACID 3-ACETYL-BETA-BOSWELLIC ACID 5968-70-7 C32H50O4
Nodakenin Nodakenin 495-31-8 C20H24O9
Theaflavin 3,3′-digallate Theaflavin 3,3′-digallate 30462-35-2 C43H32O20
L-KAWAIN L-KAWAIN 500-64-1 C14H14O3
Xanthiazone Xanthiazone 212701-97-8 C11H13NO3S
PERUVOSIDE PERUVOSIDE 1182-87-2 C30H44O9
(-)-EPIGALLOCATECHIN Epigallocatechin (-)-EPIGALLOCATECHIN Epigallocatechin
DICTAMNINE DICTAMNINE 484-29-7 C12H9NO2
DEMETHOXYCURCUMIN DEMETHOXYCURCUMIN 22608-11-3 C20H18O5
PROTOGRACELLIN PROTOGRACELLIN 102115-79-7 C51H82O21
DELPHINIDIN-3-GLUCOSIDE DELPHINIDIN-3-GLUCOSIDE 6906-38-3 C21H21ClO12
BERBERINE SULFATE TRIHYDRATE BERBERINE SULFATE TRIHYDRATE 6190-33-6 C40H42N2O15S
(-)-EPICATECHIN (-)-epicatechin standard (-)-EPICATECHIN (-)-epicatechin standard
Valtrate Valtrate 18296-44-1 C22H30O8
Sulforaphene Sulforaphene 592-95-0 C6H9NOS2
23-HYDROXYBETULINIC ACID 23-HYDROXYBETULINIC ACID 85999-40-2 C30H48O4
1,3-DIHYDROXY-2-METHYLANTHRAQUINONE 1,3-DIHYDROXY-2-METHYLANTHRAQUINONE 117-02-2 C15H10O4
YUNACONITINE YUNACONITINE 70578-24-4 C35H49NO11
phellodendrine phellodendrine 6873-13-8 C20H24NO4+
(-)-EPIGALLOCATECHIN (-)-Table catechin standard (-)-EPIGALLOCATECHIN (-)-Table catechin standard
PROTOVERATRINE A PROTOVERATRINE A 143-57-7 C41H63NO14
EQUILENIN EQUILENIN 517-09-9 C18H18O2
Centella asiatica extract Centella asiatica extract 84696-21-9
Willow Bark Extract Willow Bark Extract 84082-82-6
Isoliensinine Isoliensinine 6817-41-0 C37H42N2O6
Schisandrin C Schisandrin C
Cinnamon Bark Extract Cinnamon Bark Extract
Benzoin Benzoin 579-44-2 C14H12O2
(+)-CORYTUBERINE (+)-CORYTUBERINE C19H21NO4
Rhamnosylvitexin Rhamnosylvitexin
Methyl paederosidate Methyl paederosidate 122413-01-8 C19H26O12S
METHYSTICIN METHYSTICIN 20697-20-5 C15H14O5
OXYPEUCEDANIN OXYPEUCEDANIN 737-52-0 C16H14O5
SWERTIANOLIN SWERTIANOLIN 23445-00-3 C20H20O11
NEOBAVAISOFLAVONE NEOBAVAISOFLAVONE
SodiuM DeMethylcantharidate SodiuM DeMethylcantharidate 13114-29-9 C8H11NaO5
3-ACETYL-11-KETO-BETA-BOSWELLIC ACID 3-ACETYL-11-KETO-BETA-BOSWELLIC ACID 67416-61-9 C32H48O5
THEAFLAVIN 3'-GALLATE THEAFLAVIN 3'-GALLATE C36H28O16
(-)-EPICATECHIN Epicatechin (-)-EPICATECHIN Epicatechin
Silicristin Silicristin 33889-69-9 C25H22O10
BIS(4-HYDROXYCINNAMOYL)METHANE BIS(4-HYDROXYCINNAMOYL)METHANE 33171-05-0 C19H16O4
Cevane-3,6,14,16,20-pentol, (3β,5α,6α,16β)- Cevane-3,6,14,16,20-pentol, (3β,5α,6α,16β)- 82841-67-6 C27H45NO5
(-)-FENCHONE (-)-FENCHONE 4695-62-9 C10H16O
OXYSOPHOCARPINE OXYSOPHOCARPINE 26904-64-3 C15H22N2O2
Scopine-2,2-dithienyl glycolate Scopine-2,2-dithienyl glycolate 136310-64-0 C18H19NO4S2
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