Monosaccharide

Monosaccharide is the polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone comprising 3 to 7 carbon atoms in combination with hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The simplest monosaccharide is triose monosaccharide containing three carbon atoms. With the number increase of carbon atoms , there are tetrose, pentose and hexose and the like. The most important pentose in human body is ribose and deoxyribose, which form the RNA and DNA. The three most important monosaccharides are glucose, fructose and galactose, of which C6H12O6 is the common chemical formula. Monosaccharide structure has aldehyde or ketone group: glucose and galactose contain aldehyde group, and fructose contains ketone group. Due to the existence of aldehyde and ketone group, monosaccharide has reducibility and can be used to check whether there is urine or blood sugar. Monosaccharide contains multiple hydroxyl groups and can be used for esterification, glycosidation, deoxygenation, dehydration and amination reaction. Monosaccharide is the basic unit of many sugars, and the carbohydrate foods can be digested into monosaccharides, which are absorbed in the small intestine. Different monosaccharides have different absorption rates: 100 of glucose, 110 of galactose, 43 of fructose, 19 of mannose, 15 of xylulose, 9 of arabinose.

Monosaccharides are the basic components of marine life and carbohydrates in sea water and marine sediments. The major monosaccharides in marine plankton include (as usual abundance in the order listed) galactose, glucose, mannose, ribose, xylose, fucose, rhamnose and arabinose. The present forms of sugars in vivo are mainly polysaccharide and combined sugar. These monosaccharides can also be commonly found in seawater and sediments. Fructose lacks a big biological source in the ocean, but can be converted from glucose by epimerization in seawater.

The concentration range of individual monosaccharides in seawater is 0-20 μg/ L, and 10 mg carbon / L generally represents the total concentration of free monosaccharides. The total free monosaccharide content in seawater can be measured by the method of METH. The glucose content can be directly measured via enzymatic reaction or bioassay. The simultaneous determination of all individual monosaccharides in seawater sample are commonly carried out through chromatography. Since monosaccharide is non-volatile compounds, it must be processed via derivatization when used for gas chromatography, in which the same monosaccharide appears in different forms of anomer and gives complex  peaks. Liquid chromatography have more applications, such as the ethanol / water partition chromatography on anion exchange resin and the ion exchange chromatography in which boric acid complexes formed on the borate anion exchange resin.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-indolylb-D-glucuronide 5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-indolylb-D-glucuronide 144110-42-9 C14H13BrClNO7
4-FLUORO-4-DEOXY-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE 4-FLUORO-4-DEOXY-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE 29218-07-3 C6H11FO5
BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSYL AZIDE BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSYL AZIDE 35899-89-9 C6H11N3O5
2,3-O-Isopropylidene-D-ribofuranose 2,3-O-Isopropylidene-D-ribofuranose 4099-88-1 C8H14O5
2,5-DIDEOXY-2,5-IMINO-D-MANNITOL 2,5-DIDEOXY-2,5-IMINO-D-MANNITOL 59920-31-9 C6H13NO4
2-Azido-2-deoxy-D-glucose 2-Azido-2-deoxy-D-glucose 56883-39-7 C6H11N3O5
5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranoside 210110-89-7 C16H18BrClN2O6
1-THIO-BETA-D-GLUCOSE SODIUM SALT 1-THIO-BETA-D-GLUCOSE SODIUM SALT 10593-29-0 C6H13NaO5S
2-KETO-D-GLUCOSE 2-KETO-D-GLUCOSE 1854-25-7 C6H10O6
DIACETONE-D-GLUCOSE DIACETONE-D-GLUCOSE 14686-89-6 C12H20O6
ALLYL-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D- ALLYL-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D- 10343-15-4 C17H24O10
METHYL ALPHA-L-RHAMNOPYRANOSIDE METHYL ALPHA-L-RHAMNOPYRANOSIDE 14917-55-6 C7H14O5
4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL BETA-L-FUCOPYRANOSIDE 4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL BETA-L-FUCOPYRANOSIDE 72601-82-2 C16H18O7
PHENYL-BETA-D-THIOGLUCOPYRANOSIDE PHENYL-BETA-D-THIOGLUCOPYRANOSIDE 2936-70-1 C12H16O5S
6-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 6-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 159954-28-6 C14H16ClNO6
4-Isothiocyanatophenyl α-D-mannopyranoside 4-Isothiocyanatophenyl α-D-mannopyranoside 96345-79-8 C13H15NO6S
1,5-ANHYDRO-D-GLUCITOL 1,5-ANHYDRO-D-GLUCITOL 154-58-5 C6H12O5
N-acetylneuraminic Acid Methyl Ester 2,4,7,8,9-Pentaacetate N-acetylneuraminic Acid Methyl Ester 2,4,7,8,9-Pentaacetate 73208-82-9 C22H31NO14
2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-BENZYL-ALPHA-D-MANNOPYRANOSE 2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-BENZYL-ALPHA-D-MANNOPYRANOSE 61330-61-8 C34H36O6
HEXYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE HEXYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 59080-45-4 C12H24O6
4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 38597-12-5 C16H18O8
2,3,5-Tri-O-benzoyl-2-C-methyl-D-ribonic acid-1,4-lactone 2,3,5-Tri-O-benzoyl-2-C-methyl-D-ribonic acid-1,4-lactone 7392-74-7 C27H22O8
5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside 107021-38-5 C14H15BrClNO6
5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-indolyl-D-glucuronide cyclohexylammonium salt 5-Bromo-6-chloro-3-indolyl-D-glucuronide cyclohexylammonium salt 144110-43-0 C20H26BrClN2O7
6-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDE 6-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDE 156117-44-1 C16H19ClN2O6
4-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE 4-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE 35599-02-1 C12H15NO8
L-Mannono-1,4-lactone L-Mannono-1,4-lactone 22430-23-5 C6H10O6
6-AMINO-6-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE HYDROCHLORIDE 6-AMINO-6-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE HYDROCHLORIDE 55324-97-5 C6H14ClNO5
OCTYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-B-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE OCTYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-B-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 147126-58-7 C16H31NO6
5-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-ribofuranose 5-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2,3-O-isopropylidene-D-ribofuranose 141607-35-4 C24H32O5Si
5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 108789-36-2 C14H15BrClNO6
1,3,5-Tri-O-benzoyl-2-O-methyl-D-ribose 1,3,5-Tri-O-benzoyl-2-O-methyl-D-ribose 68045-07-8 C27H24O8
4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL BETA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE 4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL BETA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE 67909-30-2 C16H18O8
D-XYLULOSE D-XYLULOSE 551-84-8 C5H10O5
3-Deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid ammonium salt 3-Deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid ammonium salt 103404-70-2 C8H17NO8
3-O-BENZYL-4-(HYDROXYMETHYL-1,2-O-ISOPROPYLIDENE)-ALPHA-D-ERYTHROPENTOFURANOSE 3-O-BENZYL-4-(HYDROXYMETHYL-1,2-O-ISOPROPYLIDENE)-ALPHA-D-ERYTHROPENTOFURANOSE 63593-03-3 C16H22O6
ALPHA-L-ERYTHRO-PENTOFURANOSYL CHLORIDE-2-DEOXY-BIS(4-METHYL BENZOATE) ALPHA-L-ERYTHRO-PENTOFURANOSYL CHLORIDE-2-DEOXY-BIS(4-METHYL BENZOATE) 141846-57-3 C21H21ClO5
4-AMINOPHENYL-1-THIO-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 4-AMINOPHENYL-1-THIO-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 29558-05-2 C12H17NO5S
4-Methylumbelliferyl2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-a-D-mannopyranoside 4-Methylumbelliferyl2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-a-D-mannopyranoside 28541-71-1 C24H26O12
4-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 4-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 135313-63-2 C14H16ClNO6
2-NAPHTHYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 2-NAPHTHYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 25320-79-0 C16H18O6
N-HEPTYL-BETA-D-THIOGLUCOPYRANOSIDE N-HEPTYL-BETA-D-THIOGLUCOPYRANOSIDE 85618-20-8 C13H26O5S
N-OCTYL ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE N-OCTYL ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 29781-80-4 C14H28O6
5-BROMO-6-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 5-BROMO-6-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 93863-89-9 C14H15BrClNO6
P-NITROPHENYL 6-DEOXY-ALPHA-L-MANNOPYRANOSIDE P-NITROPHENYL 6-DEOXY-ALPHA-L-MANNOPYRANOSIDE 18918-31-5 C12H15NO7
2-NITROPHENYL 4-O-BETA-D-XYLOPYRANOSYL-BETA-D-XYLOPYRANOSIDE 2-NITROPHENYL 4-O-BETA-D-XYLOPYRANOSYL-BETA-D-XYLOPYRANOSIDE 157956-98-4 C16H21NO11
METHYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE METHYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 6082-04-8 C9H17NO6
L-ALTROSE L-ALTROSE 1949-88-8 C6H12O6
2,3,5-Tri-O-benzyl-D-ribose 2,3,5-Tri-O-benzyl-D-ribose 54623-25-5 C26H28O5
P-AMINOPHENYL ALPHA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE P-AMINOPHENYL ALPHA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE 34213-86-0 C12H17NO6
ETHYL 2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-ALPHA-D-THIOGLUCOPYRANOSIDE ETHYL 2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-ALPHA-D-THIOGLUCOPYRANOSIDE 52645-73-5 C16H24O9S
5-DEOXY-L-ARABINOSE 5-DEOXY-L-ARABINOSE 13039-56-0 C5H10O4
3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranose 1,2-(methyl orthoacetate) 3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-alpha-D-galactopyranose 1,2-(methyl orthoacetate) 50801-29-1 C15H22O10
Allyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-a-L-rhamnopyranoside Allyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-a-L-rhamnopyranoside 71695-57-3 C12H20O5
3-ACETAMIDO-3-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE 3-ACETAMIDO-3-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE 14086-88-5 C8H15NO6
1-DEOXY-1-NITRO-D-MANNITOL 1-DEOXY-1-NITRO-D-MANNITOL 14199-83-8 C6H13NO7
1-NAPHTHYL-N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDE 1-NAPHTHYL-N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDE 10329-98-3 C18H21NO6
1-THIO-D-GLUCOSE, SODIUM SALT HYDRATE 1-THIO-D-GLUCOSE, SODIUM SALT HYDRATE 255818-98-5 C6H13NaO6S
D-MANNOSE 6-PHOSPHATE MONOSODIUM SALT D-MANNOSE 6-PHOSPHATE MONOSODIUM SALT 70442-25-0 C6H14NaO9P
N-ACETYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOSAMINE N-ACETYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOSAMINE 10036-64-3 C8H15NO6
AMYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE AMYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 146288-30-4 C19H31NO9
HEPTADECYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE HEPTADECYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 262856-90-6 C25H49NO6
BUTYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE BUTYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 155197-37-8 C18H29NO9
2-Azido-2-deoxy-D-galactose 2-Azido-2-deoxy-D-galactose 68733-26-6 C6H11N3O5
Ethyl 2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-b-D-glucopyranoside Ethyl 2,3,6-tri-O-benzyl-1-thio-b-D-glucopyranoside 141263-02-7 C29H34O5S
Methyl 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-a-D-glucopyranoside Methyl 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-a-D-glucopyranoside 17791-37-6 C35H38O6
alpha-D-Galactose1-phosphate(and/orunspecifiedsalts) alpha-D-Galactose1-phosphate(and/orunspecifiedsalts) 2255-14-3 C6H13O9P
4-O-ACETYL-2,5-ANHYDRO-1,3-O-ISOPROPYLIDENE-6-O-TRITYL-D-GLUCITOL 4-O-ACETYL-2,5-ANHYDRO-1,3-O-ISOPROPYLIDENE-6-O-TRITYL-D-GLUCITOL 65729-83-1 C30H32O6
2-CHLORO-4-NITROPHENYL-2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 2-CHLORO-4-NITROPHENYL-2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 153823-58-6 C20H22ClNO12
5-O-Allyl-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-D-ribitol 5-O-Allyl-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-D-ribitol 111549-97-4 C29H34O5
2-NITROPHENYL-N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDE 2-NITROPHENYL-N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDE 13264-92-1 C14H18N2O8
1,2,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 1,2,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-3-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 5040-09-5 C14H20O9
2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-a-D-mannopyranosyltrichloroacetimidate 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-a-D-mannopyranosyltrichloroacetimidate 121238-27-5 C16H20Cl3NO10
2,4-O-Benzylidene-D-glucitol 2,4-O-Benzylidene-D-glucitol 61340-09-8 C13H18O6
4-Nitrophenyl4,6-cyclohexylidene-b-D-mannopyranoside 4-Nitrophenyl4,6-cyclohexylidene-b-D-mannopyranoside 102717-16-8 C18H23NO8
Octylb-D-mannopyranoside Octylb-D-mannopyranoside 140147-38-2 C14H28O6
6-aminosaccharin 6-aminosaccharin 22094-62-8 C7H6N2O3S
5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL ALPHA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE 5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL ALPHA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE 125229-64-3 C14H15BrClNO6
8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 29266-96-4 C15H17NO6
1-O-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL-D-MANNITOL 1-O-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL-D-MANNITOL 20942-99-8 C12H24O11
1-NAPHTHYL-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 1-NAPHTHYL-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 65174-63-2 C16H18O6
N-ε-Aminocaproyl-β-D-galactopyranosylamine N-ε-Aminocaproyl-β-D-galactopyranosylamine 38822-56-9 C12H24N2O6
1,2,3,5-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-L-RIBOFURANOSE 1,2,3,5-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-L-RIBOFURANOSE 144490-03-9 C13H18O9
3-FLUORO-3-DEOXY-D-XYLOFURANOSE 3-FLUORO-3-DEOXY-D-XYLOFURANOSE 14537-01-0 C5H9FO4
PHENYLETHYL-BETA-D-GALACTOSIDE PHENYLETHYL-BETA-D-GALACTOSIDE 14861-16-6 C14H20O6
2-AMINOPHENYL-BETA-D-GLUCURONIC ACID 2-AMINOPHENYL-BETA-D-GLUCURONIC ACID 15959-03-2 C12H15NO7
6-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE 6-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE 7658-08-4 C6H12O5
CHLOROPHENOL RED-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSID CHLOROPHENOL RED-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSID 99792-79-7 C25H22Cl2O10S
1-AZIDO-1-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 1-AZIDO-1-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 20379-59-3 C6H11N3O5
Methyl 5-O-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranoside Methyl 5-O-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranoside 130144-86-4 C22H30O4Si
N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE 6-PHOSPHATE DISODIUM SALT N-ACETYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE 6-PHOSPHATE DISODIUM SALT 102029-88-9 C8H15NNaO9P
2-NAPHTHYL-BETA-D-GLUCURONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT 2-NAPHTHYL-BETA-D-GLUCURONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT 20838-64-6 C16H17NaO7
ALLYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE ALLYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 2595-07-5 C9H16O6
BUTYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE BUTYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 25320-93-8 C10H20O6
ETHYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE ETHYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 2495-96-7 C10H19NO6
2'-FORMYLPHENYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 2'-FORMYLPHENYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 15430-78-1 C15H19NO7
DODECYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE DODECYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 211567-22-5 C26H45NO9
HEXYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE HEXYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 172945-26-5 C20H33NO9
TETRADECYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE TETRADECYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 152914-69-7 C22H43NO6
Allyl 3-O-benzyl-a-L-rhamnopyranoside Allyl 3-O-benzyl-a-L-rhamnopyranoside 460745-20-4 C16H22O5
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