Monosaccharide

Monosaccharide is the polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone comprising 3 to 7 carbon atoms in combination with hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The simplest monosaccharide is triose monosaccharide containing three carbon atoms. With the number increase of carbon atoms , there are tetrose, pentose and hexose and the like. The most important pentose in human body is ribose and deoxyribose, which form the RNA and DNA. The three most important monosaccharides are glucose, fructose and galactose, of which C6H12O6 is the common chemical formula. Monosaccharide structure has aldehyde or ketone group: glucose and galactose contain aldehyde group, and fructose contains ketone group. Due to the existence of aldehyde and ketone group, monosaccharide has reducibility and can be used to check whether there is urine or blood sugar. Monosaccharide contains multiple hydroxyl groups and can be used for esterification, glycosidation, deoxygenation, dehydration and amination reaction. Monosaccharide is the basic unit of many sugars, and the carbohydrate foods can be digested into monosaccharides, which are absorbed in the small intestine. Different monosaccharides have different absorption rates: 100 of glucose, 110 of galactose, 43 of fructose, 19 of mannose, 15 of xylulose, 9 of arabinose.

Monosaccharides are the basic components of marine life and carbohydrates in sea water and marine sediments. The major monosaccharides in marine plankton include (as usual abundance in the order listed) galactose, glucose, mannose, ribose, xylose, fucose, rhamnose and arabinose. The present forms of sugars in vivo are mainly polysaccharide and combined sugar. These monosaccharides can also be commonly found in seawater and sediments. Fructose lacks a big biological source in the ocean, but can be converted from glucose by epimerization in seawater.

The concentration range of individual monosaccharides in seawater is 0-20 μg/ L, and 10 mg carbon / L generally represents the total concentration of free monosaccharides. The total free monosaccharide content in seawater can be measured by the method of METH. The glucose content can be directly measured via enzymatic reaction or bioassay. The simultaneous determination of all individual monosaccharides in seawater sample are commonly carried out through chromatography. Since monosaccharide is non-volatile compounds, it must be processed via derivatization when used for gas chromatography, in which the same monosaccharide appears in different forms of anomer and gives complex  peaks. Liquid chromatography have more applications, such as the ethanol / water partition chromatography on anion exchange resin and the ion exchange chromatography in which boric acid complexes formed on the borate anion exchange resin.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
N-HEXANOYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE N-HEXANOYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE 19817-88-0 C12H23NO6
L-DITHIOTHREITOL L-DITHIOTHREITOL 16096-97-2 C4H10O2S2
3-Indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside 3-Indoxyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside 126787-65-3 C14H17NO6
4-METHOXYPHENYL 2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-BENZYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 4-METHOXYPHENYL 2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-BENZYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 143536-99-6 C41H42O7
Valiolamine Valiolamine 83465-22-9 C7H15NO5
Methyl 2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-D-ribofuranoside Methyl 2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-D-ribofuranoside 52554-28-6 C12H18O8
3-O-Benzyl-1,2,5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose 3-O-Benzyl-1,2,5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-glucofuranose 18685-18-2 C19H26O6
D-Galactosamine pentaacetate D-Galactosamine pentaacetate 76375-60-5 C16H23NO10
6-BROMO-2-NAPHTHYL-BETA-D-GLUCURONIDE 6-BROMO-2-NAPHTHYL-BETA-D-GLUCURONIDE 22720-35-0 C16H15BrO7
(4-Methylumbelliferyl)-N-acetyl-α-D-neuraminic acid sodium salt (4-Methylumbelliferyl)-N-acetyl-α-D-neuraminic acid sodium salt 76204-02-9 C21H26NNaO11
ETHYL 2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-A-D-THIOGALACTOPYRANOSIDE ETHYL 2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-A-D-THIOGALACTOPYRANOSIDE 126187-25-5 C16H24O9S
D-ALTROSE D-ALTROSE 1990-29-0 C6H12O6
5-BROMO-6-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 5-BROMO-6-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 198402-60-7 C14H15BrClNO6
9-(BETA-D-ARABINOFURANOSYL)GUANINE 9-(BETA-D-ARABINOFURANOSYL)GUANINE 38819-10-2 C10H13N5O5
5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-BETA-D-FUCOPYRANOSIDE 5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-BETA-D-FUCOPYRANOSIDE 17016-46-5 C14H15BrClNO5
4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL BETA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE 4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL BETA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE 28541-83-5 C16H18O8
4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL-2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL-2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 80265-04-9 C18H21NO8
4-Methylumbelliferyl 2-Amino-2-deoxy-a-D-glucopyranoside 4-Methylumbelliferyl 2-Amino-2-deoxy-a-D-glucopyranoside 137687-00-4 C16H19NO7
6-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 6-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 198402-61-8 C14H16ClNO6
5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL-N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDE 5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL-N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDE 5609-91-6 C16H18BrClN2O6
ALLYL A-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE ALLYL A-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 7464-56-4 C9H16O6
N-Acetyl-β-neuraminic acid methyl ester monohydrate N-Acetyl-β-neuraminic acid methyl ester monohydrate 50998-13-5 C12H21NO9
2,3,4-TRI-O-BENZYL-L-FUCOPYRANOSE 2,3,4-TRI-O-BENZYL-L-FUCOPYRANOSE 60431-34-7 C27H30O5
P-NITROPHENYL ALPHA-D-XYLOPYRANOSIDE P-NITROPHENYL ALPHA-D-XYLOPYRANOSIDE 10238-28-5 C11H13NO7
BETA-D-ALLOSE BETA-D-ALLOSE 7283-09-2 C6H12O6
2,5-Anhydro-D-mannitol 2,5-Anhydro-D-mannitol 41107-82-8 C6H12O5
O-NITROPHENYL-1-THIO-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE O-NITROPHENYL-1-THIO-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 1158-17-4 C12H15NO7S
2'-NITROPHENYL-2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 2'-NITROPHENYL-2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 10139-01-2 C14H18N2O8
MURAMIC ACID MURAMIC ACID 1114-41-6 C9H17NO7
2-Naphthyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside 2-Naphthyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside 33993-25-8 C16H18O6
4-Methylumbelliferylbeta-D-galactopyranoside-6-sulfatesodiumsalt 4-Methylumbelliferylbeta-D-galactopyranoside-6-sulfatesodiumsalt 126938-14-5 C16H18O11S
Methyl β-L-Arabinopyranoside Methyl β-L-Arabinopyranoside 1825-00-9 C6H12O5
3-Indoxyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid cyclohexylammonium salt 3-Indoxyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid cyclohexylammonium salt 35804-66-1 C14H15NO7
ETHYL BETA-D-THIOGLUCOSIDE ETHYL BETA-D-THIOGLUCOSIDE 7473-36-1 C8H16O5S
5-PHOSPHO-ALPHA-D-RIBOSYL DIPHOSPHATE SODIUM SALT 5-PHOSPHO-ALPHA-D-RIBOSYL DIPHOSPHATE SODIUM SALT 108321-05-7 C5H14NaO14P3
1-O-OCTYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 2,3,4,6-TETRAACETATE 1-O-OCTYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 2,3,4,6-TETRAACETATE 38954-67-5 C22H36O10
1-AZIDO-1-DEOXY-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE TETRAACETATE 1-AZIDO-1-DEOXY-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE TETRAACETATE 13992-26-2 C14H19N3O9
HYPOXANTHINE-9-BETA-D-ARABINOFURANOSIDE HYPOXANTHINE-9-BETA-D-ARABINOFURANOSIDE 7013-16-3 C10H12N4O5
Methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-O-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside Methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-O-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside 4137-56-8 C16H22O7S
3-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE 3-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE 2490-91-7 C6H12O5
(4-Methylumbelliferyl)-α-L-iduronide cyclohexylammonium salt (4-Methylumbelliferyl)-α-L-iduronide cyclohexylammonium salt 66895-33-8 C22H29NO9
alpha-D-Glucose pentaacetate alpha-D-Glucose pentaacetate 3891-59-6 C16H22O11
1-THIO-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSE SODIUM SALT 1-THIO-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSE SODIUM SALT 42891-22-5 C6H11NaO5S
N-METHYL-3-INDOLYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE N-METHYL-3-INDOLYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 207598-26-3 C15H19NO6
2-Phenylethyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside 2-Phenylethyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside 63407-54-5 C14H20O5S
Allyl-α-D-galactopyranoside Allyl-α-D-galactopyranoside 48149-72-0 C9H16O6
6-Bromo-2-naphthyl α-D-galactopyranoside 6-Bromo-2-naphthyl α-D-galactopyranoside 25997-59-5 C16H17BrO6
Methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-O-benzyl-beta-D-ribofuranoside Methyl 2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-O-benzyl-beta-D-ribofuranoside 33019-63-5 C16H22O5
2-CHLORO-4-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 2-CHLORO-4-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 123706-60-5 C12H14ClNO8
4'-NITROPHENYL TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 4'-NITROPHENYL TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 5987-78-0 C20H23NO12
2-NAPHTHYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 2-NAPHTHYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 6044-30-0 C16H18O6
D-Galactopyranose pentaacetate D-Galactopyranose pentaacetate 25878-60-8 C16H22O11
2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-pivaloyl-D-galactopyranosylamine 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-pivaloyl-D-galactopyranosylamine 108342-87-6 C26H45NO9
3-DEOXY-3-FLUORO-D-GLUCOSE 3-DEOXY-3-FLUORO-D-GLUCOSE 14049-03-7 C6H11FO5
3-NITROPHENYL-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 3-NITROPHENYL-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 52571-71-8 C12H15NO8
1-O-Acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-D-ribofuranose 1-O-Acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzyl-D-ribofuranose 58381-23-0 C28H30O6
2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE 2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE 3947-62-4 C14H20O10
HEPTYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE HEPTYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 78617-12-6 C13H26O6
4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL ALPHA-L-ARABINOFURANOSIDE 4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL ALPHA-L-ARABINOFURANOSIDE 77471-44-4 C15H16O7
1-AZIDO-2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSE 1-AZIDO-2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSE 13992-25-1 C14H19N3O9
DRB DRB 53-85-0 C12H12Cl2N2O4
4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL ALPHA-L-ARABINOPYRANOSIDE 4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL ALPHA-L-ARABINOPYRANOSIDE 69414-26-2 C15H16O7
L-(+)-THREOSE L-(+)-THREOSE 95-44-3 C4H8O4
ETHYL-BETA-D-THIOGALACTOPYRANOSIDE ETHYL-BETA-D-THIOGALACTOPYRANOSIDE 56245-60-4 C8H16O5S
5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-BETA-L-FUCOPYRANOSIDE 5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-BETA-L-FUCOPYRANOSIDE 125328-84-9 C14H15BrClNO5
1,6-ANHYDRO-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSE 1,6-ANHYDRO-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSE 644-76-8 C6H10O5
2-Deoxy-alpha-D-erythropentofuranosyl chloride 3,5-bis(4-methylbenzoate) 2-Deoxy-alpha-D-erythropentofuranosyl chloride 3,5-bis(4-methylbenzoate) 4330-21-6 C21H21ClO5
PHENYL-BETA-D-GLUCURONIDE PHENYL-BETA-D-GLUCURONIDE 17685-05-1 C12H14O7
CYANOMETHYL 2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-1-THIO-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE CYANOMETHYL 2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-1-THIO-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 61145-33-3 C16H21NO9S
METHYLMERCAPTO-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE METHYLMERCAPTO-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 155-30-6 C7H14O5S
O-NITROPHENYL-B-D-GLUCURONIDE POTASSIUM O-NITROPHENYL-B-D-GLUCURONIDE POTASSIUM 137629-36-8 C12H13NO9
BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYLPHENYL ISOTHIOCYANATE BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYLPHENYL ISOTHIOCYANATE 20581-41-3 C13H15NO6S
BENZYL ALPHA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE BENZYL ALPHA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE 15548-45-5 C13H18O6
N-UNDECYL BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE N-UNDECYL BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 70005-86-6 C17H34O6
3-O-METHYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE 3-O-METHYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE 13224-94-7 C7H14O6
1-O-Methyl-3,5-bis-O-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-alpha-D-erthro-pentofuranoside-2-ulose 1-O-Methyl-3,5-bis-O-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-alpha-D-erthro-pentofuranoside-2-ulose 443642-30-6 C20H18Cl4O5
Ethyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-b-D-galactopyranoside Ethyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-b-D-galactopyranoside 55722-49-1 C16H24O9S
D-SACCHARIC ACID 1 4-LACTONE D-SACCHARIC ACID 1 4-LACTONE 61278-30-6 C6H10O8
L-SORBITOL L-SORBITOL 6706-59-8 C6H14O6
b-Naphthyl b-D-Glucopyranoside Tetraacetate b-Naphthyl b-D-Glucopyranoside Tetraacetate 14581-89-6 C24H26O10
Methyl 2,3,5-tri-O-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside Methyl 2,3,5-tri-O-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside 29755-00-8 C27H21Cl3O8
6-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 6-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 467214-46-6 C14H16ClNO6
5-O-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)-2,3-O-isoproylidene-D-ribofuranose 5-O-(tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)-2,3-O-isoproylidene-D-ribofuranose 68703-51-5 C14H28O5Si
2,3-O-ISOPROPYLIDENE-L-LYXONO-1,4-LACTONE 2,3-O-ISOPROPYLIDENE-L-LYXONO-1,4-LACTONE 152006-17-2 C8H12O5
1,6-ANHYDRO-BETA-D-GLUCOSE-2,3,4-TRI-O-ACETATE 1,6-ANHYDRO-BETA-D-GLUCOSE-2,3,4-TRI-O-ACETATE 13242-55-2 C12H16O8
6-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-ALPHA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE 6-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-ALPHA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE 425427-88-9 C14H16ClNO6
6-BROMO-2-NAPHTHYL-ALPHA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE 6-BROMO-2-NAPHTHYL-ALPHA-D-MANNOPYRANOSIDE 28541-84-6 C16H17BrO6
beta-D-Glucopyranosylamine beta-D-Glucopyranosylamine 7284-37-9 C6H13NO5
METHYL 2-DEOXY-3,5-DI-O-P-TOLUOYL-D-*RIB OFURANOSIDE METHYL 2-DEOXY-3,5-DI-O-P-TOLUOYL-D-*RIB OFURANOSIDE 4330-34-1 C22H24O6
D-RIBOSE-5-PHOSPHATE DISODIUM SALT D-RIBOSE-5-PHOSPHATE DISODIUM SALT 18265-46-8 C5H12NaO8P
3-INDOXYL-BETA-D-GLUCURONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT 3-INDOXYL-BETA-D-GLUCURONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT 119736-51-5 C14H14NNaO7
5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-BETA-D-XYLOPYRANOSIDE 5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-BETA-D-XYLOPYRANOSIDE 207606-55-1 C13H13BrClNO5
2-FLUORO-2-DEOXY-1,3,5-TRI-O-ACETYL-A-D-ARABINOFURANOSEDISCONTINUED 2-FLUORO-2-DEOXY-1,3,5-TRI-O-ACETYL-A-D-ARABINOFURANOSE DISCONTINUED 444586-86-1 C11H15FO7
L-ALLOSE L-ALLOSE 7635-11-2 C6H12O6
ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE PENTABENZOATE ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE PENTABENZOATE 22415-91-4 C41H32O11
N-PROPIONYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE N-PROPIONYL-D-GLUCOSAMINE 15475-14-6 C9H17NO6
5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL BETA-D-GLUCURONIDE SODIUM SALT 5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL BETA-D-GLUCURONIDE SODIUM SALT 370100-64-4 C14H16BrClNNaO8
METHYL BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE HEMIHYDRATE METHYL BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE HEMIHYDRATE 7000-27-3 C7H16O7
METHYL-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE METHYL-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 93302-26-2 C7H14O6
4-Methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminide hydrate 4-Methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminide hydrate 36476-29-6 C18H21NO8
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