Monosaccharide

Monosaccharide is the polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone comprising 3 to 7 carbon atoms in combination with hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The simplest monosaccharide is triose monosaccharide containing three carbon atoms. With the number increase of carbon atoms , there are tetrose, pentose and hexose and the like. The most important pentose in human body is ribose and deoxyribose, which form the RNA and DNA. The three most important monosaccharides are glucose, fructose and galactose, of which C6H12O6 is the common chemical formula. Monosaccharide structure has aldehyde or ketone group: glucose and galactose contain aldehyde group, and fructose contains ketone group. Due to the existence of aldehyde and ketone group, monosaccharide has reducibility and can be used to check whether there is urine or blood sugar. Monosaccharide contains multiple hydroxyl groups and can be used for esterification, glycosidation, deoxygenation, dehydration and amination reaction. Monosaccharide is the basic unit of many sugars, and the carbohydrate foods can be digested into monosaccharides, which are absorbed in the small intestine. Different monosaccharides have different absorption rates: 100 of glucose, 110 of galactose, 43 of fructose, 19 of mannose, 15 of xylulose, 9 of arabinose.

Monosaccharides are the basic components of marine life and carbohydrates in sea water and marine sediments. The major monosaccharides in marine plankton include (as usual abundance in the order listed) galactose, glucose, mannose, ribose, xylose, fucose, rhamnose and arabinose. The present forms of sugars in vivo are mainly polysaccharide and combined sugar. These monosaccharides can also be commonly found in seawater and sediments. Fructose lacks a big biological source in the ocean, but can be converted from glucose by epimerization in seawater.

The concentration range of individual monosaccharides in seawater is 0-20 μg/ L, and 10 mg carbon / L generally represents the total concentration of free monosaccharides. The total free monosaccharide content in seawater can be measured by the method of METH. The glucose content can be directly measured via enzymatic reaction or bioassay. The simultaneous determination of all individual monosaccharides in seawater sample are commonly carried out through chromatography. Since monosaccharide is non-volatile compounds, it must be processed via derivatization when used for gas chromatography, in which the same monosaccharide appears in different forms of anomer and gives complex  peaks. Liquid chromatography have more applications, such as the ethanol / water partition chromatography on anion exchange resin and the ion exchange chromatography in which boric acid complexes formed on the borate anion exchange resin.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
Allyl 3-O-benzyl-2-O-chloroacetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranoside Allyl 3-O-benzyl-2-O-chloroacetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranoside 943307-50-4 C18H23ClO6
Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-a-D-galactopyranoside Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-a-D-galactopyranoside 72904-85-9 C14H18O6
(+)-2,3-O-BENZYLIDENE-D-THREITOL (+)-2,3-O-BENZYLIDENE-D-THREITOL 58383-35-0 C11H14O4
D-(-)-THREOSE D-(-)-THREOSE 95-43-2 C4H8O4
PHENYL-N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDE PHENYL-N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDE 5574-80-1 C14H19NO6
FLUOROPENTACHLOROACETONE FLUOROPENTACHLOROACETONE 2378-08-7 C3Cl5FO
1,4-ANHYDRO-D-GLUCITOL 1,4-ANHYDRO-D-GLUCITOL 27299-12-3 C6H12O5
2-CHLORO-2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE 2-CHLORO-2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE 14685-79-1 C6H11ClO5
D-GLUCOSAMINE-2,3-DISULFATE, DISODIUM SALT D-GLUCOSAMINE-2,3-DISULFATE, DISODIUM SALT 112898-34-7 C6H11NNa2O11S2
BENZYL N-ACETYL-4,6-O-BENZYLIDENEMURAMIC ACID BENZYL N-ACETYL-4,6-O-BENZYLIDENEMURAMIC ACID 74842-55-0 C25H29NO8
BENZYL-2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE BENZYL-2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 3554-93-6 C15H21NO6
2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose 2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose 38440-79-8 C6H11FO5
6-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GALACTOSAMINIDE 6-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GALACTOSAMINIDE 501432-61-7 C16H19ClN2O6
UDP-ALPHA-D-GALACTOSE DISODIUM SALT UDP-ALPHA-D-GALACTOSE DISODIUM SALT 137868-52-1 C15H25N2NaO17P2
4-Methylumbelliferyla-L-idopyranoside 4-Methylumbelliferyla-L-idopyranoside 66901-41-5 C16H18O8
4-NITROPHENYL-ALPHA-L-ARABINOFURANOSIDE 4-NITROPHENYL-ALPHA-L-ARABINOFURANOSIDE 6892-58-6 C11H13NO7
1,2,3,4,6-PENTA-O-ACETYL-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSE 1,2,3,4,6-PENTA-O-ACETYL-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSE 4163-59-1 C16H22O11
AMYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE AMYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 94483-64-4 C13H25NO6
4-Methylphenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-b-D-glucopyranoside 4-Methylphenyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-b-D-glucopyranoside 28244-94-2 C21H26O9S
4,6-O-BENZYLIDENE-D-GALACTOSE 4,6-O-BENZYLIDENE-D-GALACTOSE 3006-41-5 C13H16O6
3-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 3-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 3150-25-2 C12H15NO8
2-(1'-Imidazoylsulfonyl)-1,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-ribofuranose 2-(1'-Imidazoylsulfonyl)-1,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-ribofuranose 97614-42-1 C29H24N2O10S
RESORUFIN BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE RESORUFIN BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 101490-85-1 C18H17NO8
L-IDURONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT L-IDURONIC ACID, SODIUM SALT 2073-35-0 C6H10O7
2,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol 2,5-Anhydro-D-glucitol 27826-73-9 C6H12O5
Ethyl4,6-O-benzylidene-b-D-thiogalactopyranoside Ethyl4,6-O-benzylidene-b-D-thiogalactopyranoside 56119-28-9 C15H20O5S
2-ACETAMIDO-N-(E-AMINOCAPROYL)-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYLAMINE 2-ACETAMIDO-N-(E-AMINOCAPROYL)-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYLAMINE 112898-10-9 C14H27N3O6
3,4-DI-O-ACETYL-L-ARABINAL 3,4-DI-O-ACETYL-L-ARABINAL 3945-18-4 C9H12O5
D-GALACTONO-1,4-LACTONE D-GALACTONO-1,4-LACTONE 2782-07-2 C6H10O6
Allyl 2-Acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy--D-glucopyranoside Allyl 2-Acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy--D-glucopyranoside 28738-44-5 C17H25NO9
4,6-O-BENZYLIDENE-D-GLUCAL 4,6-O-BENZYLIDENE-D-GLUCAL 63598-36-7 C13H14O4
ALPHA-D-GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE DIPOTASSIUM SALT DIHYDRATE ALPHA-D-GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE DIPOTASSIUM SALT DIHYDRATE 19046-60-7 C6H14KO9P
2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE 2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE 13100-46-4 C14H20O10
3-ACETYL-7-[BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYLOXY]-COUMARIN 3-ACETYL-7-[BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYLOXY]-COUMARIN 20943-16-2 C17H18O9
DL-Dithiothreitol DL-Dithiothreitol 34834-12-3 C4H10O2S2
3-O-ACETYL-1,2:5,6-DI-O-ISOPROPYLIDENE-ALPHA-D-GLUCOFURANOSE 3-O-ACETYL-1,2:5,6-DI-O-ISOPROPYLIDENE-ALPHA-D-GLUCOFURANOSE 16713-80-7 C14H22O7
2,3,5-TRI-O-BENZYL-BETA-L-ARABINO-FURANOSE 2,3,5-TRI-O-BENZYL-BETA-L-ARABINO-FURANOSE 89615-42-9 C26H28O5
1-AMINO-1-DEOXY-BETA-D-GALACTOSE 1-AMINO-1-DEOXY-BETA-D-GALACTOSE 74867-91-7 C6H13NO5
CARBOXYUMBELLIFERYL BETA-D-GLUCURONIDE CARBOXYUMBELLIFERYL BETA-D-GLUCURONIDE 216672-17-2 C16H14O11
1-OXODODECYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 1-OXODODECYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 64395-91-1 C18H34O7
3,5-Di-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-deoxy-D-ribonolactone 3,5-Di-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-2-deoxy-D-ribonolactone 83159-91-5 C17H36O4Si2
2,6,8-TRICHLOROPURINE 2,6,8-TRICHLOROPURINE 2562-52-9 C5HCl3N4
4,5,7-TRI-O-ACETYL-2,6-ANHYDRO-3-DEOXY-D-LYXO-HEPT-2-ENONONITRILE, 4,5,7-TRI-O-ACETYL-2,6-ANHYDRO-3-DEOXY-D-LYXO-HEPT-2-ENONONITRILE, 120085-63-4 C13H15NO7
METHYL-4,6-O-BENZYLIDEN-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE METHYL-4,6-O-BENZYLIDEN-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 6988-39-2 C14H18O6
ETHYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE ETHYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 76155-50-5 C16H25NO9
ISO-PROPYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE ISO-PROPYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 7772-85-2 C17H27NO9
DODECYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE DODECYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 147025-06-7 C20H39NO6
HEXADECYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE HEXADECYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 115414-49-8 C24H47NO6
Allyl 2-O-acetyl-3-O-benzyl-a-L-rhamnopyranoside Allyl 2-O-acetyl-3-O-benzyl-a-L-rhamnopyranoside 940274-20-4 C18H24O6
L-(+)-Erythrulose L-(+)-Erythrulose 533-50-6 C4H8O4
BENZYL 4,6-O-BENZYLIDENE-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE BENZYL 4,6-O-BENZYLIDENE-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 57783-86-5 C20H22O6
2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINE 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINE 14131-68-1 C8H15NO6
4-O-ACETYL-2,5-ANHYDRO-1,3-ISOPROPYLIDENE-D-GLUCITOL 4-O-ACETYL-2,5-ANHYDRO-1,3-ISOPROPYLIDENE-D-GLUCITOL 70128-28-8 C11H18O6
4-AMINOPHENYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 4-AMINOPHENYL-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 31302-52-0 C12H17NO6
D-ARABINOSE 5-PHOSPHATE DISODIUM SALT D-ARABINOSE 5-PHOSPHATE DISODIUM SALT 89927-09-3 C5H9Na2O8P
5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-ALPHA-L-FUCOPYRANOSIDE 5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-ALPHA-L-FUCOPYRANOSIDE 171869-92-4 C14H15BrClNO5
3-AZIDO-2 3-DIDEOXY-1-O-(T-BUTYLDIMETHY& 3-AZIDO-2 3-DIDEOXY-1-O-(T-BUTYLDIMETHY& 189454-43-1 C12H25N3O4Si
NONYL THIOGLUCOSIDE NONYL THIOGLUCOSIDE 98854-15-0 C15H30O5S
D-(+)-XYLOSE D-(+)-XYLOSE 41247-05-6 C5H10O5
ALLOSE ALLOSE 39392-62-6 C6H12O6
METHYL 2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-THIOGALACTOPYRANOSIDE METHYL 2,3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-BETA-D-THIOGALACTOPYRANOSIDE 55722-48-0 C15H22O9S
NONYL-2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE NONYL-2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 173725-23-0 C23H39NO9
OCTADECYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE OCTADECYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 135198-09-3 C32H57NO9
L-RHAMNOSE DIETHYLMERCAPTAL L-RHAMNOSE DIETHYLMERCAPTAL 6748-70-5 C10H22O4S2
4'-CHLOROPHENYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 4'-CHLOROPHENYL 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TETRA-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 50729-97-0 C20H24ClNO9
P-NITROPHENYL BETA-L-ARABINOPYRANOSIDE P-NITROPHENYL BETA-L-ARABINOPYRANOSIDE 72732-54-8 C11H13NO7
D-(-)-GULOSE D-(-)-GULOSE 4205-23-6 C6H12O6
1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranose 1,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-alpha-D-glucopyranose 4292-12-0 C14H20O10
D-Rhamnose D-Rhamnose 634-74-2 C6H12O5
DECYL-BETA-D-1-THIOGLUCOPYRANOSIDE DECYL-BETA-D-1-THIOGLUCOPYRANOSIDE 98854-16-1 C16H32O5S
2,3,4-TRI-O-BENZYL-BETA-D-ARABINOPYRANOSE 2,3,4-TRI-O-BENZYL-BETA-D-ARABINOPYRANOSE 18039-26-4 C26H28O5
L-PICEIN L-PICEIN 530-14-3 C14H18O7
Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-β-D-glucopyranoside Methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-β-D-glucopyranoside 14155-23-8 C14H18O6
1-O-ACETYL-2,3,5-TRI-O-BENZOYL-BETA-D-RIBOFURANOSE 1-O-ACETYL-2,3,5-TRI-O-BENZOYL-BETA-D-RIBOFURANOSE 91110-24-6 C28H30O6
4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL-BETA-D-FUCOPYRANOSIDE 4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL-BETA-D-FUCOPYRANOSIDE 55487-93-9 C16H18O7
ALPHA-D(+)MANNOSE 1-PHOSPHATE SODIUM SALT ALPHA-D(+)MANNOSE 1-PHOSPHATE SODIUM SALT 99749-54-9 C6H12NaO9P
4-NITROPHENYL-BETA-L-FUCOPYRANOSIDE 4-NITROPHENYL-BETA-L-FUCOPYRANOSIDE 22153-71-5 C12H15NO7
ALLYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE ALLYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 34384-79-7 C9H16O6
1-NAPHTHYL-B-D-GLUCURONIDE, SODIUM SALT 1-NAPHTHYL-B-D-GLUCURONIDE, SODIUM SALT 83833-12-9 C16H17NaO7
D-MANNOSE 6-PHOSPHATE DISODIUM SALT D-MANNOSE 6-PHOSPHATE DISODIUM SALT 33068-18-7 C6H14NaO9P
1,2,3,5,6-PENTA-O-PROPANOYL-B-D-GLUCOFURANOSE 1,2,3,5,6-PENTA-O-PROPANOYL-B-D-GLUCOFURANOSE 307531-77-7 C21H32O11
1-NAPHTHYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 1-NAPHTHYL-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 19939-82-3 C16H18O6
NAPHTHOL AS-BI N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDE NAPHTHOL AS-BI N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDE 3395-37-7 C26H27BrN2O8
P-AMINOPHENYL-1-THIO-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOS IDE P-AMINOPHENYL-1-THIO-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOS IDE 58737-22-7 C12H17NO5S
2-N-CARBOBENZYLOXY-2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSAMINE 2-N-CARBOBENZYLOXY-2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSAMINE 16684-31-4 C14H19NO7
BENZYL ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE BENZYL ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 4304-12-5 C13H18O6
HEXYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE HEXYL 2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 190912-49-3 C14H27NO6
2,3,4-Tri-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranuronic acid methyl ester trichloroacetimidate 2,3,4-Tri-O-benzoyl-alpha-D-glucopyranuronic acid methyl ester trichloroacetimidate 169557-99-7 C30H24Cl3NO10
2-Acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-D-galactose 2-Acetamido-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-D-galactose 420118-03-2 C15H19NO6
Allyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranoside Allyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranoside 20746-64-9 C16H20O6
Allyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-a-D-glucopyranoside Allyl 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-a-D-glucopyranoside 6207-45-0 C37H40O6
Allyl 3-O-benzyl-2-O-p-tolylsulfonyl-a-L-rhamnopyranoside Allyl 3-O-benzyl-2-O-p-tolylsulfonyl-a-L-rhamnopyranoside 940274-22-6 C23H28O7S
1-NAPHTHYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 1-NAPHTHYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 41335-32-4 C16H18O6
4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL-2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-6-SULPHATE-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL-2-ACETAMIDO-2-DEOXY-6-SULPHATE-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE 142439-99-4 C18H20NO11S.Na
2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOHYDROXIMO-1,5-LACTONE 2-ACETAMIDO-3,4,6-TRI-O-ACETYL-2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOHYDROXIMO-1,5-LACTONE 132152-78-4 C14H20N2O9
5-AZIDO-5-DEOXY-D-FRUCTOSE 5-AZIDO-5-DEOXY-D-FRUCTOSE 94801-02-2 C6H11N3O5
6-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL-BETA-D-GLUCONORIDE SODIUM SALT 6-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL-BETA-D-GLUCONORIDE SODIUM SALT 216971-56-1 C14H13ClNO7.Na
4-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)UMBELLIFERYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 4-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)UMBELLIFERYL-BETA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSIDE 117153-55-6 C16H15F3O8
Methyl 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-a-D-galactopyranoside Methyl 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-benzyl-a-D-galactopyranoside 53008-63-2 C35H38O6
Phenyl 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-a-D-mannopyranoside Phenyl 2,3,4,6-Tetra-O-acetyl-1-thio-a-D-mannopyranoside 108032-93-5 C20H24O9S
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