Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Drugs

Anticoagulants are drugs that can reduce blood clotting, thereby preventing the formation of expanding of thrombus. The blood clotting in vivo depends on the functions of blood vessels, platelets and coagulation system three. Moreover, it is a complicated chain reaction of protein hydrolysis and activation under the participation of various coagulation factors. Anticoagulants just take effect through the interfering with different stages of the coagulation process or inhibiting a certain clotting factor to play an anticoagulant effect. Commonly used anticoagulants include heparin and vitamin K antagonist warfarin, dicoumarol and so on.

Heparin takes effects as an anticoagulant through interfering with several aspects of the coagulation process and is effective both in vitro and in vivo. The anticoagulation effect can almost immediately occur after intravenous injection, exhibited as the prolonging of the anticoagulation time, prothrombin time and prothrombin time. Vitamin K antagonists are indirect anticoagulants, mainly takes effect through interfering with the synthesis of the precursor proteins of the vitamin K-dependent coagulation factor II, VII, IV and X with no impact on various coagulation factors that have been formed.

Its advantages are orally effective with long duration of action. Anticoagulants can be applied to thromboembolic disease, the prevention of the formation and expansion of the blood thrombus. It can also used for disseminated intravascular coagulation, cardiovascular surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass, cardiac catheterization, and hemodialysis. Heparin is also used for in vitro anticoagulation such as blood preservation and blood test specimens. The main side effect is the occurrence of bleeding tendency (can be antagonized by injection of specific antidote protamine) and allergic reactions. Patients of certain blood disorders, intracranial hemorrhage, active tuberculosis, peptic ulcer, and severe hypertension should be hanged.

Antiplatelet drugs are drugs which can inhibit platelet function and inhibit the platelet thrombosis. It is generally believed that the platelet has various features including adhesion, aggregation and dilution. When the vessel wall is destroyed, platelet can adhere to the vessel wall due to the exposure of the collagen, through the activation of different biological factors, releasing a variety of active substances which aggregate with each other and form platelet thrombus. The latter one plays an important role in coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis.

In the 1970s, the emerging antiplatelet drugs had substantial efficacy in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, and had drawn more and more clinical attention. Now it has been widely used for prevention and treatment of ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, atherosclerosis, heart valve displacement, coronary artery bypass surgery and the arterial thrombosis caused by rejection reaction after organ transplantation. Commonly used drugs include aspirin, persantin, sulfinpyrazone, dextran, prostacyction, ticlopidine and so on. Some of these drugs exert their antiplatelet effect through the activation of platelet adenylate cyclase or inhibit phosphodiesterase which leads to increased platelet adenylate cyclase (cAMP) concentration; some are through affecting the platelet function through inhibiting the platelet adhesion to the damaged vessel wall or inhibiting the platelet release reaction. By these approaches, they can prevent arterial thrombosis. However, due to that the anti-platelet drugs can cause bleeding tendency, it is not suitable for patients of bleeding tendency to take it. Patient of long-term medication should be subject to regular monitoring of the blood rheology parameters.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
Clopidogrel Clopidogrel 113665-84-2 C16H16ClNO2S
Argatroban Argatroban 74863-84-6 C23H36N6O5S
Dabigatran Etexilate Mesylate Dabigatran Etexilate Mesylate 872728-81-9 C35H45N7O8S
Argatroban Argatroban 141396-28-3 C23H38N6O6S
Rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban 366789-02-8 C19H18ClN3O5S
TICAGRELOR TICAGRELOR 274693-27-5 C23H28F2N6O4S
Dabigatran etexilate Dabigatran etexilate 211915-06-9 C34H41N7O5
Prasugrel Prasugrel 150322-43-3 C20H20FNO3S
Clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate Clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate 135046-48-9 C16H18ClNO6S2
Heparin sodium Heparin sodium 9041-08-1 (C12H16NS2Na3)20
Cilostazol Cilostazol 73963-72-1 C20H27N5O2
Warfarin sodium Warfarin sodium 129-06-6 C19H15O4.Na
Daltroban Daltroban 79094-20-5 C16H16ClNO4S
Anagrelide Anagrelide 68475-42-3 C10H7Cl2N3O
Sevelamer hydrochloride Sevelamer hydrochloride 152751-57-0 C6H13Cl2NO
edoxaban edoxaban 480449-70-5 C24H30ClN7O4S
Betrixaban Betrixaban 330942-05-7 C23H22ClN5O3
Ticlopidine hydrochloride Ticlopidine hydrochloride 53885-35-1 C14H14ClNS.ClH
SULODEXIDE SULODEXIDE 57821-29-1
DIPHACINONE DIPHACINONE 82-66-6 C23H16O3
Warfarin Warfarin 81-81-2 C19H16O4
naftazone naftazone 15687-37-3 C11H9N3O2
21R-Argatroban 21R-Argatroban 121785-71-5 C23H36N6O5S
HEPARIN CALCIUM HEPARIN CALCIUM 37270-89-6
Dazoxiben Dazoxiben 78218-09-4 C12H12N2O3
HEPARIN SODIUM BRP HEPARIN SODIUM BRP
Ozagrel Ozagrel 82571-53-7 C13H12N2O2
ENOXAPARIN, [1-3H] ENOXAPARIN, [1-3H]
Ethyl Biscoumacetate Ethyl Biscoumacetate 548-00-5 C22H16O8
Duodenum Heparinoid Duodenum Heparinoid
Alginic Sodium Diester Alginic Sodium Diester 9005-40-7
2-PHENYL-1,3-INDANDIONE 2-PHENYL-1,3-INDANDIONE 83-12-5 C15H10O2
Sarpogrelate Sarpogrelate 125926-17-2 C24H31NO6
ISBOGREL ISBOGREL 89667-40-3 C18H19NO2
Dabigatran Dabigatran 211914-51-1 C25H25N7O3
Ozagrel sodium Ozagrel sodium 189224-26-8 C13H11N2NaO2
Indobufen Indobufen 63610-08-2 C18H17NO3
Cloricromene Cloricromene 68206-94-0 C20H26ClNO5
Sarpogrelate hydrochloride Sarpogrelate hydrochloride 135159-51-2 C24H32ClNO6
Heparin Heparin 9005-49-6 C26H41NO34S4
Ethylidenedicoumarol Ethylidenedicoumarol C20H22O4
Ticlopidine Ticlopidine 55142-85-3 C14H14ClNS
ACENOCOUMAROL ACENOCOUMAROL 152-72-7 C19H15NO6
DICUMAROL DICUMAROL 66-76-2 C19H12O6
Trisodium citrate dihydrate Trisodium citrate dihydrate 6132-04-3 C6H9Na3O9
HEPARIN HEPARIN 91449-79-5 C26H42N2O37S5
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