Disaccharides

Disaccharide known as double sugar, a saccharide compound, 十 composed of two monosaccharide molecules. Sucrose, lactose and maltose are common disaccharides. Sucrose is obtained from the dehydration condensation of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose, or can be obtained from extracting from sugar cane or beet. Sucrose is the most common sugar in human life, and in the intestine it can be hydrolyzed into monosaccharides by the enzymatic of sucrose to be absorbed. Lactose is obtained from the dehydration condensation of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose, and in the intestine it can be hydrolyzed into monosaccharides by the enzymatic of lactose to be absorbed. Lactose is only found in animal or human milk, milk contains 4% lactose, and human milk contains 5.7%. Lactose, owning the smallest sweetness in disaccharides, is particularly important for infant nutrition; it can also be used in high glucose energy liquid diet for athletes. Maltose obtained from the dehydration condensation of two molecules of glucose, is the product of grain germination. Malt, starch, glycogen can generate a small amount of maltose after hydrolyzed by amylase. Human saliva and pancreatic amylase hydrolyze starch can also generate maltose. Maltose is hydrolyzed into two glucose molecules by the enzymatic of maltose. The sweetness of maltose is about one-third of glucose, with the refreshing taste, and non-stimulation to gastric mucosa, it can be applied in athletes nutrition.

Free maltose and cellobiose do not exist in nature, the former is a partial hydrolyzate of starch, and the latter is a part of a cellulose hydrolysis product. Sucrose, lactose and maltose are good food, also used as industrial raw materials. Sucrose is usually used as raw materials to produce dextran in pharmacy. Lactose is used as tablets, powders, excipients or diluents.

Disaccharides are divided into two categories: reductive maltose-type and non-reductive trehalose-type. Maltose and lactose belongs to the former type. Maltose is the hydrolysate of starch, consisting of two molecules of glucose. Lactose presents in human and animal milk specifically, consisting of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of galactose. Sucrose, belonging to the latter one, is obtained from the condensation of one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose. There are specific enzymes breaking down the disaccharide in animals digestive tract, such as maltase, lactase and sucrase.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
GENTIOBIOSE GENTIOBIOSE 554-91-6 C12H22O11
D-(+)-Cellobiose D-(+)-Cellobiose 528-50-7 C12H22O11
Neosperidin dihydrochalcone Neosperidin dihydrochalcone 20702-77-6 C28H36O15
Sucrose Sucrose 57-50-1 C12H22O11
Dipotassium glycyrrhizinate Dipotassium glycyrrhizinate 68797-35-3 C42H63KO16
Naringin Naringin 10236-47-2 C27H32O14
Amygdalin Amygdalin 29883-15-6 C20H27NO11
Maltitol Maltitol 585-88-6 C12H24O11
Sucralose Sucralose 56038-13-2 C12H19Cl3O8
GLYCYRRHIZIC ACID TRISODIUM SALT HYDRATE GLYCYRRHIZIC ACID TRISODIUM SALT HYDRATE 71277-78-6 C42H61Na3O17
ALLOXAN MONOHYDRATE ALLOXAN MONOHYDRATE 2244-11-3 C4H4N2O5
D-(+)-Maltose monohydrate D-(+)-Maltose monohydrate 6363-53-7 C12H24O12
RUTINOSE HEPTAACETATE RUTINOSE HEPTAACETATE 29202-64-0 C26H36O17
Lactobionic acid Lactobionic acid 96-82-2 C12H22O12
Sucrose octasulfate X Sucrose octasulfate X
alpha-D-Cellobiose octaacetate alpha-D-Cellobiose octaacetate 5346-90-7 C28H38O19
MELIBIOSE MELIBIOSE 585-99-9 C12H22O11
Seco-isolariciresinol diglucoside Seco-isolariciresinol diglucoside 148244-82-0 C32H46O16
Alpha-D-Lactose monohydrate Alpha-D-Lactose monohydrate 5989-81-1 C12H24O12
6-O-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSYL-D-GLUCOSE MONOHYDRATE 6-O-ALPHA-D-GALACTOPYRANOSYL-D-GLUCOSE MONOHYDRATE 66009-10-7 C12H24O12
4-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-CELLOBIOSIDE 4-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-CELLOBIOSIDE 3482-57-3 C18H25NO13
PALATINOSE PALATINOSE 13718-94-0 C12H22O11
MALTOTRIITOL MALTOTRIITOL 32860-62-1 C18H34O16
N,N'-Diacetylchitobiose N,N'-Diacetylchitobiose 35061-50-8 C16H28N2O11
N-DODECYL-B-D-THIOMALTOPYRANOSIDE, ANAGRADE N-DODECYL-B-D-THIOMALTOPYRANOSIDE, ANAGRADE 148565-58-6 C24H46O10S
4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL BETA-D-N,N'-DIACETYL-CHITOBIOSIDE 4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL BETA-D-N,N'-DIACETYL-CHITOBIOSIDE 53643-12-2 C26H34N2O13
Sucrose benzoate Sucrose benzoate 12738-64-6 C19H26O12
4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL-BETA-D-CELLOBIOPYRANOSIDE 4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL-BETA-D-CELLOBIOPYRANOSIDE 72626-61-0 C22H28O13
Sucrose octaacetate Sucrose octaacetate 126-14-7 C28H38O19
Octaacetyl-beta-maltose Octaacetyl-beta-maltose 22352-19-8 C28H38O19
ISOMALTOSE ISOMALTOSE 499-40-1 C12H22O11
MALTULOSE MALTULOSE 17606-72-3 C12H22O11
GALACTINOL DIHYDRATE GALACTINOL DIHYDRATE 3687-64-7 C12H22O11
Iron saccharate Iron saccharate 8047-67-4 C18H24Fe2O24
D-Lactose monohydrate D-Lactose monohydrate 64044-51-5 C12H24O12
6-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-BETA-D-CELLOBIOSIDE 6-CHLORO-3-INDOXYL-BETA-D-CELLOBIOSIDE 425427-87-8 C20H26ClNO11
RUTINOSE RUTINOSE 90-74-4 C12H22O10
p-Aminophenyl β-D-lactopyranoside p-Aminophenyl β-D-lactopyranoside 17691-02-0 C18H27NO11
LACTITOL MONOHYDRATE LACTITOL MONOHYDRATE 81025-04-9 C12H26O12
SUCROSE MONOLAURATE SUCROSE MONOLAURATE 25339-99-5 C24H44O12
P-NITROPHENYL BETA-D-N,N'-DIACETYLCHITOBIOSE P-NITROPHENYL BETA-D-N,N'-DIACETYLCHITOBIOSE 7284-16-4 C22H31N3O13
D-Lactose monohy D-Lactose monohy 14641-93-1 C12H22O11
6-O-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL-D-GLUCITOL 6-O-ALPHA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL-D-GLUCITOL 534-73-6 C12H24O11
P-NITROPHENYL-ALPHA-D-MALTOSIDE P-NITROPHENYL-ALPHA-D-MALTOSIDE 17400-77-0 C18H25NO13
ANHYDROTETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE ANHYDROTETRACYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE 13803-65-1 C22H23ClN2O7
D-(+)-TURANOSE D-(+)-TURANOSE 547-25-1 C12H22O11
n-Dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside n-Dodecyl-beta-D-maltoside 69227-93-6 C24H46O11
HEXYL-B-D-MALTOSIDE HEXYL-B-D-MALTOSIDE 870287-95-9 C18H34O11
LACTOSE, MONOHYDRATE LACTOSE, MONOHYDRATE 10039-26-6 C12H24O12
Lactose Lactose 63-42-3 C12H22O11
5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL BETA-D-CELLOBIOSIDE 5-BROMO-4-CHLORO-3-INDOLYL BETA-D-CELLOBIOSIDE 177966-52-8 C20H25BrClNO11
N-DODECYL ALPHA-D-MALTOSIDE N-DODECYL ALPHA-D-MALTOSIDE 116183-64-3 C24H46O11
BETA-D-LACTOSE BETA-D-LACTOSE 5965-66-2 C12H22O11
O-NITROPHENYL BETA-D-CELLOBIOSIDE O-NITROPHENYL BETA-D-CELLOBIOSIDE 70867-33-3 C18H25NO13
P-NITROPHENYL BETA-D-MALTOSIDE P-NITROPHENYL BETA-D-MALTOSIDE 56846-39-0 C18H25NO13
N-TETRADECYL-BETA-D-MALTOSIDE N-TETRADECYL-BETA-D-MALTOSIDE 18449-82-6 C26H50O11
1-DEOXY-1-NITRO-D-GALACTITOL 1-DEOXY-1-NITRO-D-GALACTITOL 20971-06-6 C6H13NO7
HEXADECYL-<BETA>-D-MALTOSIDE 0.1 MM SOLU HEXADECYL--D-MALTOSIDE 0.1 MM SOLU 98064-96-1 C28H54O11
5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-alpha-D-maltotriose 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-alpha-D-maltotriose 341972-94-9 C26H35BrClNO16
ACETOBROMO-ALPHA-MALTOSE ACETOBROMO-ALPHA-MALTOSE 14257-35-3 C26H35BrO17
2-CHLORO-4-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-CELLOBIOSIDE 2-CHLORO-4-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-CELLOBIOSIDE 135743-28-1 C18H24ClNO13
3'-SIALYLLACTOSE 3'-SIALYLLACTOSE 35890-38-1 C23H39NO19
1,6-Anhydro-b-D-cellobiose 1,6-Anhydro-b-D-cellobiose 35405-71-1 C12H20O10
N-ACETYLLACTOSAMINE HEPTAACETATE 98 N-ACETYLLACTOSAMINE HEPTAACETATE 98 36954-63-9 C28H39NO18
UNDECYL MALTOSIDE (HIGH ALPHA) UNDECYL MALTOSIDE (HIGH ALPHA) 168037-13-6 C23H44O11
SUCROSE ACETATE ISOBUTYRATE SUCROSE ACETATE ISOBUTYRATE 126-13-6 C40H62O19
LACTITOL LACTITOL 585-86-4 C12H24O11
N-UNDECYL-B-D-THIOMALTOSIDE N-UNDECYL-B-D-THIOMALTOSIDE 148565-57-5 C23H44O10S
4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL-BETA-D-LACTOSIDE 4-METHYLUMBELLIFERYL-BETA-D-LACTOSIDE 84325-23-5 C22H28O13
Benzylhepta-O-acetyl-b-D-lactoside4%CaCO3 Benzylhepta-O-acetyl-b-D-lactoside4%CaCO3 67310-53-6 C33H42O18
2-CHLORO-4-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-LACTOSIDE 2-CHLORO-4-NITROPHENYL-BETA-D-LACTOSIDE 120583-41-7 C18H24ClNO13
N-DECYL-A-D-MALTOPYRANOSIDE, ANAGRADE N-DECYL-A-D-MALTOPYRANOSIDE, ANAGRADE 168037-12-5 C22H42O11
BETA-D-GAL-[1->4]-BETA-D-GLC-1->OPR BETA-D-GAL-[1->4]-BETA-D-GLC-1->OPR 98302-29-5 C15H28O11
SUCROSE ACETATE ISOBUTYRATE SUCROSE ACETATE ISOBUTYRATE 27216-37-1 C40H62O19
UNDECYL MALTOSIDE-SOL-GRADE UNDECYL MALTOSIDE-SOL-GRADE 253678-67-0 C23H44O11
N-NONYL-B-D-MALTOPYRANOSIDE, ANAGRADE N-NONYL-B-D-MALTOPYRANOSIDE, ANAGRADE 106402-05-5 C21H40O11
SUCROSE MONOCAPRATE SUCROSE MONOCAPRATE 31835-06-0 C22H40O12
P-AMINOPHENYL-BETA-D-CELLOBIOSIDE P-AMINOPHENYL-BETA-D-CELLOBIOSIDE 42935-24-0 C18H27NO11
MALTULOSE MONOHYDRATE  99 MALTULOSE MONOHYDRATE 99 207511-09-9 C12H22O11.H2O
2,6-DIMETHYL-4-HEPTYL-B-D-MALTOPYRANOSIDE, ANAGRADE 2,6-DIMETHYL-4-HEPTYL-B-D-MALTOPYRANOSIDE, ANAGRADE 869638-31-3 C21H40O11
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