Sedative and hypnotic

Sedative-hypnotics are a class of central inhibitor, whose inhibition on the central nervous system increases gradually with the increasing dose. They produce sedative effect with a small dose, to calm a person and release his anxiety and irritability without depriving his consciousness and normal motor function. Moderate doses will cause a sleep state close to physiological sleep and large doses can lead to anesthetic and anticonvulsant. But with a toxic dose, it can cause significant central inhibitor, drowsiness, respiratory paralysis and even death.

The hypnotic effect mechanism of these drugs has not been elucidated. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated that hypnotic depresses the ascending activating system of the reticular, weakens its function of maintaining the awareness of the cerebral cortex, results in sleep. Experimental data indicate that these drugs have a effect of promoting γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a central inhibitory neurotransmitter.

The abuse of sedative-hypnotics happens around the world nowadays. Long-term use of sedative-hypnotics will lead to physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms once the intake is cut off, and even convulsions in severe cases. Some hypnotics such as barbiturates can shorten the time of REM sleep, once withdrawn from long-term intake , can result in the rebound phenomenon where the time of REM sleep is significantly prolonged, with the adverse reaction of dreaminess.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
Eszopiclone Eszopiclone 138729-47-2 C17H17ClN6O3
Chloral hydrate Chloral hydrate 302-17-0 C2H3Cl3O2
Zopiclone Zopiclone 43200-80-2 C17H17ClN6O3
Urethane Urethane 51-79-6 C3H7NO2
QUAZEPAM QUAZEPAM 36735-22-5 C17H11ClF4N2S
Sodium bromide Sodium bromide 7647-15-6 NaBr
Paraldehyde Paraldehyde 123-63-7 C6H12O3
Potassium bromide Potassium bromide 7758-02-3 BrK
Gastrodin Gastrodin 62499-27-8 C13H18O7
Potassium thiocyanate Potassium thiocyanate 333-20-0 CKNS
Government regulation Government regulation 7726-95-6 Br2
N-METHYLURETHANE N-METHYLURETHANE 105-40-8 C4H9NO2
Bromisoval Bromisoval 496-67-3 C6H11BrN2O2
Helicid Helicid 80154-34-3 C13H16O7
Ammonium bromide Ammonium bromide 12124-97-9 BrH4N
Calcium bromide Calcium bromide 7789-41-5 Br2Ca
Zolpidem Zolpidem 82626-48-0 C19H21N3O
Doxefazepam Doxefazepam 40762-15-0 C17H14ClFN2O3
ACETAGASTRODINE ACETAGASTRODINE 64291-41-4 C21H26O11
Carbocloral Carbocloral 541-79-7 C5H8Cl3NO3
Ethypicone Ethypicone 467-90-3
Zolpidem tartrate Zolpidem tartrate 99294-93-6 C23H27N3O7
BENCYNOATE HYDROCHLORIDE BENCYNOATE HYDROCHLORIDE 162220-36-2 C22H32ClNO3
acetyl carbromal acetyl carbromal 77-66-7 C9H15BrN2O3
(2-BROMO-2-ETHYLBUTYRYL)UREA (2-BROMO-2-ETHYLBUTYRYL)UREA 77-65-6 C7H13BrN2O2
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