Hydrogen Sulfide

Hydrogen Sulfide Basic information
Uses Chemical Properties Uses
Product Name:Hydrogen Sulfide
Synonyms:H2S;HYDROGEN SULFIDE, SOLID;HYDROGEN SULFIDE WATER;HYDROGEN SULFIDE WATER, SAT;HYDROGEN SULPHIDE;HYDROGEN SULFIDE;Acide sulfhydrique;acidesulfhydrique
CAS:7783-06-4
MF:H2S
MW:34.08
EINECS:231-977-3
Product Categories:Chemical Synthesis;Specialty Gases;Inorganics;Chemical Synthesis;Compressed and Liquefied Gases;Synthetic Reagents;Synthetic Reagents
Mol File:7783-06-4.mol
Hydrogen Sulfide Structure
Hydrogen Sulfide Chemical Properties
Melting point −85 °C(lit.)
Boiling point −60 °C(lit.)
density dgas 1.19 (air = 1.00)
vapor density 1.19 (15 °C, vs air)
vapor pressure 252 psi ( 21 °C)
FEMA 3779 | HYDROGEN SULFIDE
Fp -17℃
storage temp. 2-8°C
pka7(at 25℃)
form colorless gas
OdorStrong rotten egg odor detectable at 0.001 to 0.1 ppm (mean = 0.0094 ppm); olfactory fatigue occurs quickly at high concentrations
explosive limit6%
Odor Threshold0.00041ppm
Water Solubility 1g dissolves in H2O: 187mL (10°C), 242mL (20°C), 314 (30°C) [MER06]
Merck 13,4823
BRN 3535004
Stability:Stable. Highly flammable. May form explosive mixture with air. Note wide explosive limits. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, many metals. May react violently with metal oxides, copper, fluorine, sodium, ethanal.
CAS DataBase Reference7783-06-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry SystemHydrogen sulfide (7783-06-4)
Safety Information
Hazard Codes F+,T+,N,F
Risk Statements 12-26-50-40-36/37-19-11
Safety Statements 9-16-36-38-45-61-28-26
RIDADR UN 1053 2.3
WGK Germany 2
RTECS MX1225000
Autoignition Temperature260 °C
DOT Classification2.3, Hazard Zone B (Gas poisonous by inhalation)
HazardClass 2.3
Hazardous Substances Data7783-06-4(Hazardous Substances Data)
ToxicityLC50 in mice, rats (ppm): 634, 712 (1 hr inhalation) (Vernot); LC50 in rats (ppm): 444 (4 hr inhalation) (Tansy)
IDLA100 ppm
MSDS Information
ProviderLanguage
SigmaAldrich English
Hydrogen Sulfide Usage And Synthesis
UsesHydrogen sulfide is used commercially to purifY hydrochloric and sulfuric acid, to precipitate sulfides of metals, and to manufacture elemental sulfur and organosulfur compounds. Chemical production processes using hydrogen sulfide include the manufacture of mercaptans; pharmaceuticals; plastics; adhesives; television, cathode ray tubes (CRT), and fluorescent tube phosphors; dyes; pigments; biodegradable pesticides; ethylene; nylon; soda ash; sodium hydrosulfide; heavy water; and others.
Hydrogen sulfide is used as a reducing agent in cresylic acid recovery. It is also used as a reagent in analytical chemistry. In waste water cleanup and groundwater restoration projects, hydrogen sulfide is used to immobilize heavy metals.
Chemical PropertiesHydrogen sulfide is generally found as a pungent colorless flammable gas, although it is commonly shipped as liquefied compressed gas (NIOSH, 2011). Its characteristic odor of “rotten eggs” cannot be considered indicative of its concentration, as olfactory fatigue occurs quite rapidly, even at relatively low concentration levels (100–150 ppm). It has a vapor density of 1.19, which makes it heavier than air and will cause it to accumulate in low lying areas rather than disperse easily in air and thus can present a hazard for workers in basements, subterranean locations, and confined spaces. It is soluble in water to a maximum of 0.4% by mass at room temperature. The auto ignition temperature is 260 °C and the flammable limits in air, % by volume are 4.5 (lower) and 45.5 (upper).
Hydrogen sulfide
The tendency for belowground accumulation, coupled with its water solubility and flammability has proven to be a significant hazard for those who conduct work in underground tunnels or sewers (Adelson and Sunshine, 1966; Chen and Wang, 2012). Reactivity can occur from contact with strong oxidizers and oxidizing materials and result in fires and explosions. Hydrogen sulfide also attacks many metals resulting in the formation of sulfides and can lead to metal integrity issues.

UsesHydrogen sulfide (H2S) is one of the most important compounds of sulfur. It is a colorless gas with a foul, rotten-egg odor. It is well known in school laboratories when sulfur is being studied.
hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is known for its“rotten egg” odor and is a deadly poisonous gas even at 100 ppm of air. The laboratory reaction is FeS + 2HCl → H2S↑ + FeCl2.
DescriptionHydrogen Sulfide is a colorless, very poisonous, flammable gas with the characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs. It often results from the bacterial breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen, such as in swamps and sewers where anaerobic digestion can take place. It also occurs in volcanic gases, “natural gas”, and some well waters. Hydrogen sulfide has numerous names, some of which are archaic.
Small amounts of hydrogen sulfide occur in crude oil, but natural gas can contain up to 90%. About 10% of the total global emission of H2S is due to human activity.
Chemical PropertiesHydrogen sulfide is a colourless gas with strong odour of rotten eggs (odour threshold ca 0.2 ppt).
Physical propertiesH2S is soluble in carbon disulfide, methanol, acetone and alkanolamines. A solution of hydrogen sulfide in water is initially clear but over time turns cloudy. This is due to the slow reaction of hydrogen sulfide with the oxygen dissolved in water, yielding elemental sulfur, which precipitates out.
OccurrenceReported found in heated French beans, beef broth, vapors of canned beef, canned beef, beef extract, heated beef fat, raw beef, beer, bread, heated Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cooked celery, cheddar cheese, cooked and raw chicken, chives, heated coconut, codfish, ground and roast coffee, heated corn, heated egg, grapefruit juice, cooked herring, citrus juices, strawberry, cabbage, onion, potato, rutabaga, tomato, blue cheese, buttermilk, raw and boiled eggs, coffee, potato chips, rice, soybeans, okra, sweet corn, sake, squid, shrimps, cooked, fatty fish and other natural sources
HistoryHydrogen sulfide is a colorless, flammable, toxic gas with the characteristic odor of rotten eggs.It is produced naturally from the anaerobic bacterial decomposition of organic wastes, occurs in volcanic gases and hot springs, is a product of animal digestion, and is generated in industrial processes. Hydrogen is a natural component of natural gas and petroleum; it is only a small fraction of oil (hundreds of ppm), but may form an appreciable component of natural gas. Natural gas typically contains up to 5% hydrogen sulfide. Natural gas is considered sour if the hydrogen sulfide content exceeds 5.7 mg of H2S per cubic meter of natural gas. The process for removing hydrogen sulfide from sour gas is referred to as sweetening the gas. Because hydrogen sulfide is associated with anaerobic respiration in sewers and swamps, it is referred to as sewer gas, swamp gas, or stink damp.
UsesHydrogen sulfide is used as an analyticalreagent and in the manufacture of heavywater. It occurs in natural gas and sewer gas.It is formed by the reaction of a metal sulfidewith dilute mineral acid, and in petroleumrefining.
UsesTo produce elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid; in manufacture of heavy water and other chemicals; in metallurgy; as analytical reagent.
UsesHydrogen sulfide has relatively few commercial uses. It is used to produce elementalsulfur, sulfuric acid, and heavy water for nuclear reactors.
PreparationBy far the largest industrial route toH2S occurs in petroleum refineries. The “hydrodesulfurization” process liberates sulfur from petroleum by the action of hydrogen. The resulting H2S is converted to elemental sulfur by partial combustion via the Claus process that is a major source of elemental sulfur (In the Claus process, hydrogen sulfide is catalytically reacted with oxygen from the air to produce sulfur and sulfur dioxide). Other anthropogenic sources of hydrogen sulfide include coke ovens, paper-mills (using the sulfate method), and tanneries, where Na2S is used for processing cowhide to form leather. H2S arises from virtually anywhere where elemental sulfur comes in contact with organic material, especially at high temperatures.
Production MethodsHydrogen sulfide is produced during anaerobic respiration (fermentation). Anaerobic respirationenables organisms, primarily bacteria and other microbes, to meet their energy needsusing sulfate, elemental sulfur, and sulfur compounds as electron acceptors instead of oxygen.
DefinitionChEBI: A sulfur hydride consisting of s single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
ReactionsFluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine react with H2S to form the corresponding halogen acid. Metal sulfides are formed when H2S is passed into solutions of the heavy metals, such as Ag, Pb, Cu, and Mn. This reaction is responsible for the tarnishing of Ag and is the basis for the separation of these metals in classical wet qualitative analytical methods. Hydrogen sulfide reacts with many organic compounds.
Aroma threshold valuesDetection: 10 ppb
Air & Water ReactionsHighly flammable; a flame can very easily flash back to the source of leak. Soluble in water to a maximum of 0.4% by mass at room temperature .
Reactivity ProfileHYDROGEN SULFIDE reacts as an acid and as a reducing agent. Explodes on contact with oxygen difluoride, bromine pentafluoride, chlorine trifluoride, dichlorine oxide, silver fulminate. May ignite and explode when exposed to powdered copper in oxygen [Mertz, V. et al., Ber., 1880, 13, p. 722]. May react similarly with other powdered metals. Ignites on contact with metal oxides and peroxides (barium peroxide, chromium trioxide, copper oxide, lead dioxide, manganese dioxide, nickel oxide, silver oxide, silver dioxide, thallium trioxide, sodium peroxide, mercury oxide, calcium oxide) [Mellor, 1947, vol. 10, p. 129, 141]. Ignites with silver bromate, lead(II) hypochlorite, copper chromate, nitric acid, lead(IV) oxide and rust. May ignite if passed through rusty iron pipes [Mee, A. J., School Sci. Rev., 1940, 22(85), p. 95]. Reacts exothermically with bases. The heat of the reaction with soda lime, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, barium hydroxide may lead to ignition or explosion of the unreacted portion in the presence of air / oxygen [Mellor, 1947, vol. 10, p. 140].
HazardHighly flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive limits in air 4.3–46%. Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant to eyes and mucous membranes.
Health HazardThe acute toxicity of hydrogen sulfide by inhalation is moderate. A 5-min exposure to 800 ppm has resulted in death. Inhalation of 1000 to 2000 ppm may cause coma after a single breath. Exposure to lower concentrations may cause headache, dizziness, and upset stomach. Low concentrations of H2S (20 to 150 ppm) can cause eye irritation, which may be delayed in onset. Although the odor of hydrogen sulfide is detectable at very low concentrations, it rapidly causes olfactory fatigue at higher levels, and therefore is not considered to have adequate warning properties. Hydrogen sulfide has not been shown to be carcinogenic or to have reproductive or developmental effects in humans
Health HazardHydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic gas. Exposure to high concentrations can result inunconsciousness and respiratory paralysis.A 5-minute exposure to a concentration of1000 ppm can be lethal to humans. Prolonged exposure to concentrations between250 and 500 ppm can cause respiratory irri tation, congestion of the lung, and bronchialpneumonia. Toxic symptoms that have beennoted from occupational exposure to hydrogen sulfide in a heavy water plant areheadache, nausea, cough, nervousness, andinsomnia (ACGIH 1986). In addition, it isan irritant to the eyes. Conjunctivities mayresult from exposure to 20–30 ppm.
Fire HazardCompound is heavier than air and may travel a considerable distance to source of ignition and flash back. HYDROGEN SULFIDE forms explosive mixtures with air over a wide range. Also reacts explosively with bromine pentafluoride, chlorine trifluoride, nitrogen triiodide, nitrogen trichloride, oxygen difluoride, and phenyl diazonium chloride. When heated to decomposition, HYDROGEN SULFIDE emits highly toxic fumes of oxides of sulfur. Incompatible with many materials including strong oxidizers, metals, strong nitric acid, bromine pentafluoride, chlorine trifluoride, nitrogen triiodide, nitrogen trichloride, oxygen difluoride and phenyl diazonium chloride. Avoid physical damage to containers; sources of ignition; storage near nitric acid, strong oxidizing materials, and corrosive liquids or gases.
Flammability and ExplosibilityHydrogen sulfide is flammable in air in the range of 4.3 to 45.5% (NFPA rating = 4). Combustion products (sulfur oxides) are also toxic by inhalation. In the event of a hydrogen sulfide fire, stop the flow of gas if possible without risk of harmful exposure and let the fire burn itself out.
Agricultural UsesHydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a colorless, poisonous, flammable gas with an odor of rotting eggs. It is found in cesspools and mines and is a by-product of decomposed substances containing sulphur. It is one of the gaseous end-products of the reduction of sulphate in highly degraded paddy fields. Hydrogen sulphide is also produced in the laboratory for use as an analytical reagent.
Materials UsesDry hydrogen sulfide is satisfactorily handled under pressure at normal ambient temperatures in carbon steel or black iron piping. Carbon steels in wet applications are known to be subject to sulfide stress cracking and low- temperature brittle fracture under some conditions of temperature, stress, and pressure. While hydrogen sulfide itself is relatively noncorrosive to steel in many uses, factors such as impurities, pH, erosive conditions, and high thermal or mechanical stresses in the metal can cause severe corrosion problems. High-strength steels are subject to crack formation when exposed to hydrogen sulfide.
SynthesisHydrogen sulfide gas can be formed and released whenever waste containing sulfur is broken down by bacteria.
Physiological effectsHydrogen sulfide is a toxic, irritating, and asphyxiant gas. The substance is known to be produced and metabolized naturally in the human body at low concentrations, but can be quickly fatal once the natural bodily defenses are overwhelmed.
ACGIH recommends a Threshold Limit Value-Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) of 10 ppm (14 mg/m3 ) for hydrogen sulfide. The TLV- TWA is the time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect.
ACGIH recommends a Threshold Limit Value-Short Term Exposure Limit (TLVSTEL) of 15 ppm (21 mg/m3 ) for hydrogen sulfide. The TLV-STEL is the IS-minute TWA exposure that should not be exceeded at any time during a workday even if the 8-hour TWA is within the TLV- TWA. Exposures above the TLV- TWA up to the STEL should not be longer than 15 minutes and should not occur more than 4 times per day. There should be at least 60 minutes between successive exposures in this range.

Environmental FateHydrogen sulfide is a colorless, flammable compressed liquid gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. The solubility of hydrogen sulfide in water is 3980 mg l-1 at 20 ℃ and it is soluble in certain polar organic solvents, notably methanol, acetone, propylene carbonate, sulfolane, tributyl phosphate, various glycols and glycol ethers, gasoline, kerosene, crude oil, and carbon disulfide. The calculated vapor pressure at 21.9 ℃ is 1929 Pa. Boiling point and melting point of the substance are -60.33 ℃ and-85.49 ℃, respectively. Based on the estimated Henry’s law constant of 468 atm mol-1 for hydrogen sulfide, volatilization from water and soil is high.
storagecylinders of hydrogen sulfide should be stored and used in a continuously ventilated gas cabinet or fume hood. Local fire codes should be reviewed for limitations on quantity and storage requirements.
Purification MethodsWash it, then pass the gas through a train of tubes containing saturated Ba(OH)2 (2x), water (2x), and dilute HCl [Goates et al. J Am Chem Soc 73 707 1951]. It is available in gas cylinders. HIGHLY POISONOUS.
Toxicity evaluationToxicity of hydrogen sulfide is most likely related to inhibition of metal-containing enzymes such as cytochrome oxidase, the final enzyme of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and carbonic anhydrase. Therefore, hydrogen sulfide affects cellular energy production and respiration. Mucous membranes and tissues with a high oxygen demand, like nervous and cardiac tissues are most susceptible tissues in exposure to hydrogen sulfide. In addition, sulfide also seems to act on the respiratory drive through other mechanisms such as suppression of synaptic activity, inhibition of monoamine oxidase, a direct action on respiratory centers in the brain, and stimulation of the glutamate receptors in the brain. The hydrosulfide anion also forms a complex with methemoglobin and creates sulfmethemoglobin. On the other hand, hydrosulfide can be produced endogenously, particularly in mammalian cells, through an enzymatic pathway and in a smaller part via a nonenzymatic pathway. Among enzymes involved in hydrosulfide production, cystathionine- synthase and cystathionine-lyase have been investigated extensively; both use vitamin B6 as a cofactor. Captopyruvate sulfurtransferase along with cysteine aminotransferase are involved in transsulfuration and reverse transsulfuration pathways in different capacities and utilize specific substrates. Of course, the regulation mechanisms for the expression and activities of these hydrosulfide-generating enzymes under physiological or pathophysiological conditions needs more research. These enzymes are differentially expressed in neuronal, immune, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, reproductive, respiratory, liver, and endocrine systems and affect the functions of these systems through production of hydrosulfide. Meanwhile, different molecular targets, such as different ion channels and signaling proteins, mediate physiological functions of hydrogen sulfide. Alternations of hydrosulfide metabolism lead to an array of pathological disturbances in the form of hypertension, diabetes, cirrhosis, atherosclerosis, heart failure, inflammation, sepsis, erectile dysfunction, asthma, and neurodegenerative disease.
IncompatibilitiesHydrogen sulfide is incompatible with strong oxidizers. It will attack many metals, forming sulfides. Liquid hydrogen sulfide will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. H2S reacts violently with a variety of metal oxides, including the oxides of chromium, mercury, silver, lead, nickel, and iron.
Waste DisposalTo respond to a release, use appropriate protective equipment and clothing. Positive pressure air-supplied respiratory protection is required. Close cylinder valve and ventilate area. Remove cylinder to a fume hood or remote area if it cannot be shut off. Disposal Excess hydrogen sulfide should be returned to the manufacturer, according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.
GRADES AVAILABLEHydrogen sulfide is available in a technical or commercial grade that is 99 mole percent minimum hydrogen sulfide. It is also available in higher purities, up to 99.99 mole percent minimum hydrogen sulfide.
4-Bromothioanisole 2,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHYL P-TOLUENESULFONATE PENTAFLUOROPHENYL SULFIDE 2-Bromothioanisole Ethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride Trifluoromethanesulfonic acid tert-butyldimethylsilyl ester Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride N-Phenyl-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonimide) Tosylmethyl isocyanide TrimethylSilyl Trifluoromethanesulfonate Triethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate Chloramine-T S-ETHYL TRIFLUOROTHIOACETATE 4-CHLOROPHENYL SULFOXIDE Methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate BIS(2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENYL) DISULFIDE 4-Fluorophenyl sulfone Hydrogen Sulphide

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