Citric acid

Citric acid Basic information
Product Name:Citric acid
Synonyms:BETZ 6251;BETZ 0623;BORIC ACID-POTASSIUM CHLORIDE-SODIUM HYDROXIDE BUFFER;BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 7.00;BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 8.00;BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PH 9.00;BUFFER CONCENTRATE, PHOSPHATE/SODIUM HYDROXIDE;BUFFER CONCENTRATE, POTASSIUM CHLORIDE/SODIUM HYDROXIDE
CAS:77-92-9
MF:C6H8O7
MW:192.12
EINECS:201-069-1
Product Categories:Buffer Solutions, pH 5 - 9pH Buffers for Titration;Buffer Solutions;Other Buffer Solutions;ACS Grade;ACS Grade Buffers;Bioactive Small Molecules;Biochemicals and Reagents;Biological Buffers;Buffers A to Z;Building Blocks;C6;Carbonyl Compounds;Carboxylic Acids;Cell Biology;AlphabeticalBiochemicals and Reagents;BioUltra Buffers;ChelatorsBiochemicals and Reagents;Luminescent Compounds/Detection;Solvents, Buffers and Reagents for Luminescence;Chelators;Chemical Synthesis;CI-CY;Essential Chemicals;Inorganic Salts;Nutrition Research;Organic Building Blocks;Other Biochemical;Phytochemicals by Chemical Classification;Research Essentials;Solutions and Reagents;Biological Buffers;Buffer Concentrates (FIXANAL);pH Buffers for Titration;Titration;Biological BuffersBiological Buffers;Buffers A to ZProtein Electrophoresis;Capillary Zone ElectrophoresisBiochemicals and Reagents;ChelatorsNutrition Research;Other Biochemical;Biochemicals Found in Plants;Capillary Electrophoresis;Cell Culture;Reagents and Supplements;C6Nutrition Research;Carbonyl Compounds;Carboxylic Acids;Buffers A to ZBiochemicals and Reagents;Biochemicals and Reagents;Pharmacopoeia A-ZBiological Buffers;Pharmacopoeia (USP);USP/MultiCompendial Grade Buffers;Other BiochemicalEssential Chemicals;Reagent Grade;Alphabetical Listings;C-D;Flavors and Fragrances;Other BiochemicalPharmacopoeia (USP);Pharmacopoeial OrganicsCell Culture;USP Chemicals and ReagentsBiological Buffers;USP/MultiCompendial Grade BuffersMore...Close...;Pharmacopoeia A-ZPharmacopoeia (USP);Food & Flavor Additives;FOOD ADDITIVES;Water Ttreatment Chemicals;CI - CLOther Lipid Related Products;NeatsChromatography;Alphabetic;C;Fatty AcidsFA/FAME/Lipids/Steroids;Food&Beverage Standards;Free Fatty Acids;Lipid Analytical Standards;Organic Acids;C6Biochemicals and Reagents;Other BiochemicalMore...Close...;ACS Grade BuffersBiological Buffers;ACS GradeBiological Buffers;Buffers A to ZCarbonyl Compounds;Essential Chemicals;Routine Reagents;Food additive and acidulant;77-92-9
Mol File:77-92-9.mol
Citric acid Structure
Citric acid Chemical Properties
Melting point 153-159 °C (lit.)
Boiling point 248.08°C (rough estimate)
density 1.67 g/cm3 at 20 °C
vapor density 7.26 (vs air)
vapor pressure <0.1 hPa (20 °C)
refractive index 1.493~1.509
FEMA 2306 | CITRIC ACID
Fp 100 °C
storage temp. 2-8°C
solubility Citric acid also dissolves in absolute (anhydrous) ethanol (76 parts of citric acid per 100 parts of ethanol) at 15 °C.
pka3.14(at 20℃)
form grit
color White
OdorOdorless
PH3.24(1 mM solution);2.62(10 mM solution);2.08(100 mM solution);
Odor Typeodorless
explosive limit8%, 65°F
Water Solubility soluble in Water (1174g/L at 10°C, 1809g/L at 30°C, 3825g/L at 80°C).
λmaxλ: 260 nm Amax: 0.20
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.10
Sensitive Hygroscopic
Merck 14,2326
JECFA Number218
BRN 782061
Stability:Stable. Incompatible with bases, strong oxidizing agents, reducing agents, metal nitrates.
InChIKeyKRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP-1.64
CAS DataBase Reference77-92-9(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic acid, 2-hydroxy-(77-92-9)
EPA Substance Registry SystemCitric acid (77-92-9)
Safety Information
Hazard Codes Xi,C,T
Risk Statements 41-36/37/38-36/38-37/38-34-36-35-61-60
Safety Statements 26-39-37/39-24/25-36/37/39-45-36-53
RIDADR UN 1789 8/PG 3
WGK Germany 1
RTECS GE7350000
9
TSCA Yes
HS Code 2918 14 00
Hazardous Substances Data77-92-9(Hazardous Substances Data)
ToxicityLD50 in mice, rats (mmol/kg): 5.0, 4.6 i.p. (Gruber, Halbeisen)
MSDS Information
ProviderLanguage
SigmaAldrich English
ALFA English
Citric acid Usage And Synthesis
DescriptionCitric acid is a white, crystalline, weak organic acid present in most plants and many animals as an intermediate in cellular respiration. Citric acid contains three carboxyl groups making it a carboxylic, more specifically a tricarboxylic, acid.the name citrus originates from the Greek kedromelon meaning apple of melon for the fruit citron. Greek works mention kitron, kitrion, or kitreos for citron fruit, which is an oblong fruit several inches long from the scrublike tree Citrus medica. Lemons and limes have high citric acid content, which may account for up to 8% of the fruit's dry weight.
Citric acid
Citric acid is a weak acid and loses hydrogen ions from its three carboxyl groups (COOH) in solution.the loss of a hydrogen ion from each group in the molecule results in the citrate ion,C3H5O(COO)33. A citric acid molecule also forms intermediate ions when one or two hydrogen atoms in the carboxyl groups ionize.the citrate ion combines with metals to form salts, the most common of which is calcium citrate. Citric acid forms esters to produce various citrates, for example trimethyl citrate and triethyl citrate.
Chemical PropertiesCitric acid is a weak organic acid with the formula C6H8O7. It is a natural preservative / conservative and is also used to add an acidic, or sour, taste to foods and soft drinks. In biochemistry, the conjugate base of citric acid, citrate, is important as an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, which occurs in the metabolism of all aerobic organisms.
Citric acid is a commodity chemical, and more than a million tonnes are produced every year by fermentation. It is used mainly as an acidifier, as a flavoring, and as a chelating agent.
Physical propertiesCITRIC ACID, white crystalline solid, decomposes at higher temperatures, sp gr 1.542. Citric acid is soluble in H2O or alcohol and slightly soluble in ether. The compound is a tribasic acid, forming mono-, di-, and tri- series of salts and esters.It occurs in large amounts is citrus fruits, and is used widely in industry as an acidifier, as a flavoring and chelating agent. pKa values are 5.21, 4.28 and 2.92 at 25 °C (extrapolated to zero ionic strength).
Citric acid is a good buffering agent for solutions between about pH 2 and pH 8. It is popular in many buffers in many techniques, electrophoresis (SSC Buffer #), to stop reactions, for biopurifications, crystallography... In biological systems around pH 7, the two species present are the citrate ion and mono-hydrogen citrate ion. the pH of a 1 mM solution of citric acid will be about 3.2.
OccurrenceCitric acid exists in greater than trace amounts in a variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably citrus fruits. Lemons and limes have particularly high concentrations of the acid; it can constitute as much as 8 % of the dry weight of these fruits (about 47 g/L in the juices ) . The concentrations of citric acid in citrus fruits range from 0.005 mol/L for oranges and grapefruits to 0.30 mol/L in lemons and limes. Within species, these values vary depending on the cultivar and the circumstances in which the fruit was grown.
HistoryThe discovery of citric acid is credited to Jabir ibn Hayyan (Latin name Geber, 721–815).
Citric acid was first isolated in 1784 by the Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742–1786), who crystallized it from lemon juice.
The crystalline structure of anhydrous citric acid, obtained by cooling hot concentrated solution of the monohydrate form, was first elucidated by Yuill and Bennett in 1934 by X-ray diffraction.
In 1960 Nordman and co-workers further suggested that in the anhydrous form two molecules of the acid are linked through hydrogen bonds between two –COOH groups of each monomer.
Usescitric acid has astringent and anti-oxidant properties. It can also be used as a product stabilizer, pH adjuster, and preservative with a low sensitizing potential. It is not usually irritating to normal skin, but it can cause burning and redness when applied to chapped, cracked, or otherwise inflamed skin. It is derived from citrus fruits.
UsesCitric Acid is an acidulant and antioxidant produced by mold fermentation of sugar solutions and by extraction from lemon juice, lime juice, and pineapple canning residue. it is the predominant acid in oranges, lemons, and limes. it exists in anhydrous and monohydrate forms. the anhydrous form is crystallized in hot solutions and the monohydrate form is crystallized from cold (below 36.5°c) solutions. anhydrous citric acid has a solubility of 146 g and monohydrate citric acid has a solubility of 175 g/100 ml of distilled water at 20°c. a 1% solution has a ph of 2.3 at 25°c. it is a hygroscopic, strong acid of tart flavor. it is used as an acidulant in fruit drinks and carbonated beverages at 0.25-0.40%, in cheese at 3-4%, and in jellies. it is used as an antioxidant in instant potatoes, wheat chips, and potato sticks, where it prevents spoilage by trapping the metal ions. it is used in combination with antioxidants in the processing of fresh frozen fruits to prevent discoloration.
PreparationBy mycological fermentation using molasses and strains of Aspergillus niger; from citrus juices and pineapple wastes
DefinitionChEBI: Citric acid is a tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms. It has a role as a food acidity regulator, a chelator, an antimicrobial agent and a fundamental metabolite. It is a conjugate acid of a citrate(1-) and a citrate anion.
ApplicationCitric acid is a weak organic acid that is known as a commodity chemical, as more than a million tonnes are produced every year by mycological fermentation on an industrial scale using crude sugar sol utions, such as molasses and strains of Aspergillus niger. Citric acid is widely distributed in plants and in animal tissues and fluids and exist in greater than grace amounts in variety of fruits and vegetables, most notably in citrus fruits such as lemon and limes. Citric acid is mainly used as an acidifier, flavoring agent and chelating agent. It was also used as a chemical restrainer particularly in developers for the collodion process and in silver nitrate solutions used for sensitizing salted and albumen papers.
Biotechnological ProductionFermentation is the technology of choice for citric acid synthesis. Different bacteria (e.g. Arthrobacter paraffinens and Bacillus licheniformis), filamentous fungi (e.g. Aspergilus niger and Penicillium citrinum) and yeasts (e.g. Candida tropicalis and Yarrowia lipolytica) are able to produce citric acid. Due to high productivity and easy handling, citric acid is usually produced by fermentation with A. niger. For example, a product concentration of 114 g.L-1 within 168 h has been reached by cultivation of A. niger GCMC 7 on cane molasses . On the industrial scale, submerged cultivation, surface fermentation and solid-state fermentation are used.
In general, molasses, starch hydrolyzate and starch are used as substrates. However, there are various studies for alternative raw materials. Solid-state fermentation of inexpensive agricultural wastes is one possibility. For example, high yields up to 88 % have been achieved using grape pomace as substrate. Lowering the cost of product recovery is crucial. Different methods using precipitation, solvent extraction, adsorption, or in situ product recovery have been described. One interesting process could be the in situ crystallization of citric acid during fermentation to improve the economics.
Aroma threshold valuesBy mycological fermentation using molasses and strains of Aspergillus niger; from citrus juices and pineapple wastes
benefitsCitric acid is not a vitamin or mineral and is not required in the diet. However, citric acid, not to be confused with ascorbic acid (vitamin C), is beneficial for people with kidney stones. It inhibits stone formation and breaks up small stones that are beginning to form. Citric acid is protective; the more citric acid in your urine, the more protected you are against forming new kidney stones. Citrate, used in calcium citrate supplements and in some medications (such as potassium citrate), is closely related to citric acid and also has stone prevention benefits. These medications may be prescribed to alkalinize your urine.
General DescriptionCitric acid appears as colorless, odorless crystals with an acid taste. Denser than water. (USCG, 1999)
Air & Water ReactionsThe pure material is moisture sensitive (undergoes slow hydrolysis) Water soluble.
Reactivity ProfileCitric acid reacts with oxidizing agents, bases, reducing agents and metal nitrates . Reactions with metal nitrates are potentially explosive. Heating to the point of decomposition causes emission of acrid smoke and fumes [Lewis].
Health HazardInhalation of dust irritates nose and throat. Contact with eyes causes irritation.
Biochem/physiol ActionsCitric acid in dietary form can augments absorption of aluminium in antacids. It also facilitates the phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil and can transform cadmium into more transportable forms.
Biotechnological ApplicationsCitric acid cycle
Citrate, the conjugate base of citric acid is one of a series of compounds involved in the physiological oxidation of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and water.
This series of chemical reactions is central to nearly all metabolic reactions, and is the source of two-thirds of the foodderived energy in higher organisms. Hans Adolf Krebs received the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery. The series of reactions is known by various names, including the "citric acid cycle", the "Krebs cycle" or "Szent-Gy?rgyi — Krebs cycle", and the "tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle".
Other biological roles
Citrate is a critical component of bone, helping to regulate the size of calcium crystals.



Safety ProfilePoison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes. Mildly toxic byingestion. A severe eye and moderate skin irritant. An irritating organic acid, some allergenic properties. Combustible liquid. Potentially explosive reaction with metal nitrates. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes.
Citric acid Preparation Products And Raw materials
Raw materialsSodium hydroxide-->Hydrochloric acid-->Sulfuric acid-->Calcium carbonate-->Starch-->Sucrose-->ketene-->Molasses-->Paste-->Oxobutanedioic acid
Preparation Products1-CYCLOPROPYLPIPERAZINE-->TERT-BUTYL 4-(3-FORMYLBENZYL)TETRAHYDRO-1(2H)-PYRAZINECARBOXYLATE-->N-isopropyl-2-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-amine-->TERT-BUTYL 4-(4-FORMYLBENZYL)PIPERAZINE-1-CARBOXYLATE-->3-N-Boc-Aminomethylpiperidine-->2-(PIPERAZIN-1-YL)-ACETIC ACID N-(2-PHENYLETHYL)-AMIDE-->1-N-Boc-3-hydroxyazetidine-->6-BROMO-2H-1,4-BENZOXAZIN-3(4H)-ONE-->2-Fluoropyridine-4-carboxaldehyde-->4,4'-Oxydianiline-->2-((1-(TERT-BUTOXYCARBONYL)PIPERIDIN-4-YL)METHYL)BENZOIC ACID-->METHYL 2-((PIPERIDIN-4-YL)METHYL)BENZOATE-->4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)butyric acid-->1-Boc-4-(2-formylphenyl)piperazine-->Rifapentine-->3-Amino-2-[4-butoxycarbonyl(piperazino)]pyridine-->3-((1-(TERT-BUTOXYCARBONYL)PIPERIDIN-4-YL)METHYL)BENZOIC ACID-->TERT-BUTYL-4-(3-HYDROXYPROPYL)PIPERAZINE-1-CARBOXYLATE-->METHYL 4-((PIPERIDIN-4-YL)METHYL)BENZOATE-->4-((1-(TERT-BUTOXYCARBONYL)PIPERIDIN-4-YL)METHYL)BENZOIC ACID-->METHYL 3-((PIPERIDIN-4-YL)METHYL)BENZOATE-->2-FLUORO-5-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID-->N-Boc-S-Trityl-L-cysteine-->5-BROMO-2-FLUOROPYRIDINE-3-CARBALDEHYDE-->Trisodium citrate dihydrate-->5-FLUORO-4-HYDROXY-2-METHOXYBENZONITRILE-->2-FLUORO-5-METHOXYBENZOIC ACID-->Disodium stannous citrate-->Phosphatizing liquid-->1-Trityl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid-->Calcium citrate-->Potassium Citrate-->1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylicacid,2-hydroxy-,potassiumsalt-->Ammonium citrate tribasic-->Itaconic anhydride-->Zinc citrate-->D-Glucosamine hydrochloride-->Ammonium citrate dibasic-->Acetyl tributyl citrate
CITRIC ACID DIAMMONIUM CRYSTALLINE LIMONIN(SH) TIN CITRATE Zirconium dioxide oxeladin D(+)-Glucose Ethyl 2-(Chlorosulfonyl)acetate Citric acid monohydrate Folic acid LanolineAnhydrous Glycine Triethyl citrate Calcium citrate CITRIC ACID TRISODIUM phosphoric acid CHLOROPHOSPHONAZO III Trisodium citrate dihydrate Citric acid Acid Citric Citric Acid Anhydrous Powder Citric Acid Solution

Email:[email protected] [email protected]
Copyright © 2024 Mywellwork.com All rights reserved.