Isophorone

Isophorone Basic information
Description Chemical Properties References
Product Name:Isophorone
Synonyms:ISOPHORONE;ISOPHORONE 97+%;ISOPHORONE, 5000MG, NEAT;IsophoroneForSynthesis;1,1,3-TRIMETHYLCYCLOHEXEN-3-ONE-5;1,5,5-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-3-one;ai3-00046;alpha-Isophoron
CAS:78-59-1
MF:C9H14O
MW:138.21
EINECS:201-126-0
Product Categories:Organics;78-59-1
Mol File:78-59-1.mol
Isophorone Structure
Isophorone Chemical Properties
Melting point -8 °C (lit.)
Boiling point 213-214 °C (lit.)
density 0.923 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
vapor density 4.77 (vs air)
vapor pressure 0.2 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index n20/D 1.476(lit.)
FEMA 3553 | ISOPHORONE
Fp 184 °F
storage temp. Store below +30°C.
solubility 14.5g/l
form Liquid
color Clear colorless to yellow
OdorLike camphor.
explosive limit0.8-3.8%(V)
Odor Typewoody
Water Solubility Soluble in water (12g/L).
Merck 14,5196
JECFA Number1112
BRN 1280721
Henry's Law Constant(x 10-6 atm?m3/mol): 5.8 (calculated, U.S. EPA, 1980a)
Exposure limitsTLV-TWA 25 mg/m3 (5 ppm); IDLH 800 ppm.
Stability:Stable. Substances to be avoided include strong bases, strong acids and strong oxidizing agents.
LogP1.67-1.7 at 20℃
CAS DataBase Reference78-59-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference2-Cyclohexen-1-one, 3,5,5-trimethyl-(78-59-1)
EPA Substance Registry SystemIsophorone (78-59-1)
Safety Information
Hazard Codes Xn
Risk Statements 21/22-36/37-40
Safety Statements 13-23-36/37/39-46
RIDADR UN 3082 9 / PGIII
WGK Germany 1
RTECS GW7700000
Autoignition Temperature864 °F
TSCA Yes
HS Code 2914 29 00
Hazardous Substances Data78-59-1(Hazardous Substances Data)
ToxicityLD50 in male, female rats and male mice (mg/kg): 2700 ±200, 2100 ±200, 2200 ±200 orally (PB90-180225)
IDLA200 ppm
MSDS Information
ProviderLanguage
ACROS English
SigmaAldrich English
ALFA English
Isophorone Usage And Synthesis
DescriptionIsophorone (chemical formula: C9H14O) has its full name being 3, 5, 5-Trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one. It is a kind of α, β-unsaturated cyclic ketone, and is a flavoring ingredient existing in cranberries and saffron. Isophorone can be used as a solvent in some printing inks, paints, lacquers, adhesives, copolymers, coatings, finishings and pesticide. It can also act as an intermediate in organic synthesis as well as the ingredient in wood preservatives and floor sealants. It is mainly manufactured through the self-condensation of acetone with KOH.
Chemical PropertiesIsophorone, an alpha, beta-unsaturated ketone, is also an industrial solvent used in a variety of different applications. Most of the isophorone used in industry is used in vinyl coatings and inks.
Isophorone
Isophorone is an insoluble, colorless to white liquid and has an odor similar to peppermint. Its characteristic odor is detectable at concentrations as low as 1.00 mg/m3 (0.2 ppm) (Ruth, 1986). Although not highly volatile, with a vapor pressure of 0.438mm Hg at 25 °C.

Referenceshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isophorone
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/isophorone#section=Top
Chemical PropertiesIsophorone is a colorless low volatility liquid that smells like peppermint. It is miscible with most organic solvents and can dissolve 1.2g in 100g of water. When exposed to light, it becomes a dimer, which is oxidized in air to generate 4,4,6-Trimethyl-1,2-cyclohexanedione.
Physical propertiesClear, colorless liquid with a sharp peppermint or camphor-like odor. Experimentally determined detection and recognition odor threshold concentrations were 1.1 mg/m3 (190 ppbv) and 3.0 μg/m3 (530 ppbv), respectively (Hellman and Small, 1974).
OccurrenceReported found in Burley tobacco, cranberry, macadamia nuts, peas, roasted filbert, saffron, wine, osmanthus, grapefruit juice, papaya, kohlrabi, Parmesan cheese, roast beef, black tea, oats, Japanese plum, prunes, plumcot, starfruit, mango, rice, buckwheat, okra and sweet grass oil.
UsesIsophorone is used as a solvent for vinylresins and cellulose esters, and in pesticides. solvent in some printing inks, paints, lacquers and adhesives.
PreparationIsophorone is produced on a multi-thousand ton scale by the aldol condensation of acetone using KOH. Diacetone alcohol, mesityl oxide, and 3-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexan-1-one are intermediates. A side product is beta-isophorone, where the C=C group is not conjugated with the ketone.
DefinitionChEBI: Isophorone is a cyclic ketone, the structure of which is that of cyclohex-2-en-1-one substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It has a role as a solvent and a plant metabolite. It is a cyclic ketone and an enone.
Aroma threshold valuesDetection: 0.20 ppm; aroma characteristics at 1.0%: cooling, woody, camphoraceous, slightly green and herbal
Taste threshold valuesTaste characteristics at 30 ppm: sweet, green, waxy, pungent camphoreous, cooling minty
Synthesis Reference(s)Synthetic Communications, 22, p. 1845, 1992 DOI: 10.1080/00397919208021315
Synthesis, p. 905, 1978 DOI: 10.1055/s-1978-24936
General DescriptionA clear colorless liquid, with a camphor-like odor. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Boiling point 420°F. Flash point near 200°F. Contact irritates skin and eyes. Toxic by ingestion. Used as a solvent and in pesticides.
Air & Water ReactionsInsoluble in water.
Reactivity ProfileKetones, such as Isophorone, are reactive with many acids and bases liberating heat and flammable gases (e.g., H2). The amount of heat may be sufficient to start a fire in the unreacted portion of the ketone. Ketones react with reducing agents such as hydrides, alkali metals, and nitrides to produce flammable gas (H2) and heat. Ketones are incompatible with isocyanates, aldehydes, cyanides, peroxides, and anhydrides. They react violently with aldehydes, HNO3, HNO3 + H2O2, and HClO4. Forms explosive peroxides
Health HazardIsophorone is an irritant, moderately toxic athigh concentrations, mutagenic and possiblycarcinogenic. Inhalation of its vapors cancause mild irritation of the eyes, nose, andthroat. Exposure to 840 ppm for 4 hours resulted in severe eye irritation in guineapigs. Its irritation effect on human eyes maybe felt at 25–40 ppm. At concentrationsabove 200 ppm, it may cause irritation ofthe throat, headache, nausea, dizziness, and afeeling of suffocation (ACGIH 1986). In rats,exposure to 1840 ppm for 4 hours was fatal.Ingestion of isophorone can cause narcosis,dermatitis, headache, and dizziness.
LD50 value, oral (rats): 2330 mg/kg
Isophorone is mutagenic and when fed torats orally, 258 g/kg for 2 years, it causedkidney tumor. Its carcinogenicity on humansis not reported.
Fire HazardCombustible.
Flammability and ExplosibilityNotclassified
Chemical ReactivityReactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reactions; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.
Industrial usesIsophorone is an excellent solvent for cellulose esters, nitrocellulose, natural and synthetic resins. Isophorone has a very high aromatic hydrocarbon dilution ratio in nitrocellulose formulations: 5.7 for toluene and 5.1 for xylene. The excellent solvency of isophorone allows the preparation of 45% solids nitrocellulose solutions at room temperatures.
Biochem/physiol ActionsTaste at 30 ppm
SynthesisIsophorone is an intermediate in the synthesis of 3,5-xylenol, 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexanol
CarcinogenicityIn a 2 year bioassay in rats and mice (conducted by gavage on a 5- day/week treatment schedule) at dose levels of 0, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day isophorone, there was decreased survival of male rats and slight nephrotoxicity in female rats. There was no evidence of carcinogenicity in female rats or mice. In male rats, there was an increase in renal tumors in animals given either 250 or 500 mg/kg/day, and a low incidence of preputial gland tumors at 500 mg/kg. Other proliferative lesions in male rats included hyperplasia of the renal pelvis and tubular cell hyperplasia.
Environmental fateBiological. The pure culture Aspergillus niger biodegraded isophorone to 3,5,5-trimethyl-2- cyclo-hexene-1,4-dione, 3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane-1,4-dione, (S)-4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-2- cyclohex-1-one, and 3-hydroxymethyl-5,5-dimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (Mikami et al., 1981).
Chemical/Physical. At an influent concentration of 1,000 mg/L, treatment with GAC resulted in an effluent concentration of 34 mg/L. The adsorbability of the carbon used was 193 mg/g carbon (Guisti et al., 1974).
Isophorone will not hydrolyze in water.
At influent concentrations of 10, 1.0, 0.1, and 0.001 mg/L, the GAC adsorption capacities were 78.3, 32.0, 13.1, and 5.4 mg/g, respectively (Dobbs and Cohen, 1980).


Purification MethodsWash isophorone with aqueous 5% Na2CO3 and then distil it under reduced pressure immediately before use. Alternatively, it can be purified via the semicarbazone. [Erskine & Waight J Chem Soc 3425 1960, Beilstein 7 IV 165.]
Toxicity evaluationThe toxicological mechanisms of isophorone are not well characterized. Critical effects include irritation, narcosis, malaise, fatigue, and CNS depression. Isophorone may induce its neurological effects by interference with neuronal impulse transmissions via physical interaction with nerve membrane components. In animal models, isophorone may also act by inducing neuropathy, involving binding to globulin proteins, although this mechanism may not be relevant to humans. Lesions of the liver have been observed after overexposure in mouse models, although it is not clear whether isophorone elicited the lesions directly or by enhancing an age-related process. DNA-binding studies in mice have shown no significant covalent binding of isophorone or its metabolites to DNA from liver or kidney cells, supporting a potential nongenotoxic mechanism of toxicity.
Waste DisposalIncineration.
POLYPODINE B QUASSIN 2-DEOXY-20-HYDROXYECDYSONE (+)-Abscisic acid ETHYLENEDIAMINE TETRAKIS(PROPOXYLATE-BLOCK-ETHOXYLATE) TETROL Diphenolic acid NITROAROMATIC & ISOPHORONE - NEAT FORM KIT ISOPHORONE & NITROAROMATICS MIX MURISTERONE A NITROAROMATICS & ISOPHORONE MIX 5-(1-HYDROXY-2,6,6-TRIMETHYL-4-OXOCYCLOHEX-2-ENYL)-3-METHYLPENTA-2,4-DIENOIC ACID ISOPHORONE (3-METHYL-D3, 2,4,4,6,6-D5),ISOPHORONE-D8,ISOPHORONE-D8 (2,4,4,6,6-D5, 3-METHYL-D3) Norandrostenedione 5-Chlorovaleric acid 18alpha-Glycyrrhetinic acid ISOPHORONE OXIDE VERBENONE 1-HYDROXY-4-KETO-2-IONONE

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