Gluconic acid

Gluconic acid Basic information
Description References
Product Name:Gluconic acid
Synonyms:2,3,4,5,6-PENTAHYDROXYCAPROIC ACID;GLYCOGENIC ACID;GLUCONIC ACID;PENTAHYDROXYCAPROIC ACID;glyconicacid;Hexonic acid;Ultra-Mg [as magnesium salt dihydrate];MALTONIC ACID
CAS:526-95-4
MF:C6H12O7
MW:196.16
EINECS:208-401-4
Product Categories:Biochemistry;Dextrins、Sugar & Carbohydrates;Glucose;Sugar Acids;Sugars;bc0001
Mol File:526-95-4.mol
Gluconic acid Structure
Gluconic acid Chemical Properties
Melting point 15 °C
alpha D20 -6.7° (c = 1)
Boiling point 102 °C
density 1.23
refractive index 1.4161
storage temp. Store below +30°C.
solubility DMSO (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly), Water
pkapK (25°) 3.60
form Crystalline Powder or Crystals
color White to light yellow
Specific Gravity1.234
Odorcommercial 50 aq. soln. lt. amber, faint odor of vinegar
optical activity[α]/D +9.0 to 15.5°
Water Solubility Soluble in water.
Merck 14,4456
BRN 1726055
LogP-2.116 (est)
CAS DataBase Reference526-95-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry ReferenceGluconic acid(526-95-4)
EPA Substance Registry SystemD-Gluconic acid (526-95-4)
Safety Information
Hazard Codes Xi,C
Risk Statements 36/37/38-34
Safety Statements 37/39-26-45-36/37/39
RIDADR 3265
WGK Germany -
RTECS LZ5057100
TSCA Yes
HazardClass 8
PackingGroup III
HS Code 29181600
Hazardous Substances Data526-95-4(Hazardous Substances Data)
MSDS Information
ProviderLanguage
Gluconic acid English
SigmaAldrich English
ACROS English
ALFA English
Gluconic acid Usage And Synthesis
DescriptionGluconic acid (also known as gluconate) is an organic compound occurring widely in nature arising from the glucose oxidation. It is naturally found in fruit, honey and wine. It can also be used as a food additive to regulate acidity and a cleaning agent in alkaline solution. Its calcium salt, calcium gluconate can be used to treat burns from hydrofluoric acid and avoid necrosis of deep tissues as well as treating the verapamil poisoning and hypocalcemia in hospitalized patient. Some salts of gluconate can also be used to treat malaria (quinidine gluconate) and anemia (ferrous gluconate). In microbiology, gluconate is a common carbon source that can be supplemented to the medium for cell growth.
References[1]Mandelstam, J. "The repression of constitutive β-galactosidase in Escherichia coli by glucose and other carbon sources." Biochemical Journal82.3 (1962): 489.
[2]Ghotbi, Mohammad Yeganeh, et al. "LDH-intercalated d-gluconate: Generation of a new food additive-inorganic nanohybrid compound." Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids 70.6 (2009): 948-954.
[3]Perkins, C. M. "Serious verapamil poisoning: treatment with intravenous calcium gluconate." British medical journal 2.6145 (1978): 1127.
[4]Broner, Cynthia W., et al. "A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of calcium chloride and calcium gluconate therapies for hypocalcemia in critically ill children." The Journal of pediatrics 117.6 (1990): 986-989.
[5]Miller, K. D., A. E. Greenberg, and C. C. Campbell. "Treatment of severe malaria in the United States with a continuous infusion of quinidine gluconate and exchange transfusion. " New England Journal of Medicine321.2(1989):65-70.
[6]Gillespie RS(Driscoll Children's Hospital, Corpus Christi, TX 78411, USA. [email protected]), and J. M. Symons. "Sodium ferric gluconate for post-transplant anemia in pediatric and young adult renal transplant recipients." Pediatric Transplantation 9.1(2005):43–46.




DescriptionGluconic acid is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH. It is one of the 16 stereoisomers of 2,3,4,5,6-penta hydroxy hexanoic acid.
In aqueous solution at neutral pH, gluconic acid forms the gluconate ion. The salts of gluconic acid are known as "gluconates". Gluconic acid, gluconate salts, and gluconate esters occur widely in nature because such species arise from the oxidation of glucose. Some drugs are injected in the form of gluconates.
Chemical Propertiesclear yellow to brownish-yellow solution
Chemical Propertiesd-Gluconic acid is an acid sugar composed of white crystals with a milk-acidic taste. In aqueous solutions, it is in equilibrium with gamma- and delta-gluconolactones. It is prepared by enzymatic oxidation of glucose and strains of the microorganisms used to supply the enzyme action are nonpathogenic and nontoxicogenic to man or other animals. This substance is used as a component of bottle rinsing formulations, at levels not to exceed good manufacturing practice.
An FDA letter to a trade association revoking affirmation of general recognition of safety in dietary supplements was dated April 9, 1970.
Physical propertiesThe chemical structure of gluconic acid consists of a six-carbon chain with five hydroxyl groups terminating in a carboxylic acid group. In aqueous solution, gluconic acid exists in equilibrium with the cyclic ester glucono delta-lactone.
OccurrenceGluconic acid occurs naturally in fruit, honey, kombucha tea, and wine. As a food additive ( E574 ), it is an acidity regulator. It is also used in cleaning products where it dissolves mineral deposits especially in alkaline solution. The gluconate anion chelates Ca2+,Fe2+, Al3+, and other metals. In 1929 Horace Terhune Herrick developed a process for producing the salt by fermentation.
Calcium gluconate, in the form of a gel, is used to treat burns from hydrofluoric acid; calcium gluconate injections may be used for more severe cases to avoid necrosis of deep tissues. Quinine gluconate is a salt between gluconic acid and quinine, which is used for intramuscular injection in the treatment of malaria. Zinc gluconate injections are used to neuter male dogs. Iron gluconate injections have been proposed in the past to treat anemia.
UsesA chemical used in glycolytic pathway studies.
UsesGluconic Acid is an acidulant that is a mild organic acid which is the hydrolyzed form of glucono-delta-lactone. it is prepared by the fermentation of dextrose, whereby the physiological d-form is produced. it is soluble in water with a solubility of 100 g/100 ml at 20°c. it has a mild taste and at 1% has a ph of 2.8. it functions as an antioxidant and enhances the function of other antioxidants. in beverages, syrups, and wine, it can eliminate calcium turbidities. it is used as a leavening component in cake mixes, and as an acid component in dry-mix desserts and dry beverage mixes.
UsesGluconic acid occurs naturally in fruit, honey, and wine. As a food additive it is an acidity regulator. It is also used in cleaning products.
DefinitionA soluble crystalline organic acid made by the oxidation of glucose (using specific molds). It is used in paint strippers.
Definitiongluconic acid: An opticallyactive hydroxycarboxylic acid,CH2(OH)(CHOH)4COOH. It is the carboxylicacid corresponding to the aldosesugar glucose, and can be madeby the action of certain moulds.
Brand nameCalglucon (Novartis).
Biotechnological ProductionCurrently, gluconic acid is commercially produced by submerged fed-batch cultivations of Aspergillus niger using glucose as substrate. A. niger produces citric acid and gluconic acid growing on glucose. The product concentration and yields of the product depend on the fermentation conditions. For optimal gluconic acid production, high glucose concentrations (110–250 g.L-1), low concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the medium, a limitation of metal ion concentrations, a pH value in the range of 4.5–6.5, and high aeration rates for the oxygen supply are needed.
Much research has been carried out to find new ways for cheaper production. Different microorganisms have been studied (e.g. G. oxydans, Z. mobilis, A. methanolicous, and P. fluorescence. Moreover, new microbial strains have been developed by mutagenesis or genetic engineering. Additionally, the fermentation process and recovery have been optimized. New inexpensive substrates (e.g. cornstarch, grape or banana must, figs, and cheese whey) have been tested.
One example of a new and efficient production process of gluconic acid is the cultivation of Aureobasidium pullulans growing on glucose. Using a continuous process with biomass retention by crossover filtration, a product concentration of 375 g.L-1, a yield of 0.83 g of gluconic acid per gram of glucose, and a productivity of 17 g.L-1.h-1 could be achieved at a residence time of 22 h. In this process, 100 % of the glucose is converted. This process might be interesting for industrial applications. In continuous gluconic acid production with immobilized mycelia of A. niger, product concentrations of 120–140 g.L-1 have been achieved.
Flammability and ExplosibilityNonflammable
Calcium gluconate Potassium gluconate Magnesium gluconate 6-PHOSPHOGLUCONIC ACID TRISODIUM SALT CHROMIUM GLUCONATE Calcium Alginate QUININE GLUCONATE Gluconic acid Ferrousgluconate CHLORHEXIDINE-RING-UL-14C DIGLUCONATE D-SACCHARIC ACID CALCIUM SALT GLUCONIC ACID, D, [1-14C] Copper(II) gluconate AKOS 242-04 ERYTHROMYCIN LACTOBIONATE SALT (N-METHYL-13C) POTASSIUM HYDROGEN D-GLUCARATE Lactobionic acid 4-O-β-D-Galactopyranosyl-D-gluconic acid monohydrate hemicalcium salt,4-o-β-d-galactopyranosyl-d-gluconic acid hemicalcium salt monohydrate

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