Calcium carbonate

Calcium carbonate Chemical Properties
Melting point 825 °C
Boiling point 800 °C
density 2.93 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
refractive index 1.6583
storage temp. Store at +5°C to +30°C.
solubility 5 M HCl: 0.1 M at 20 °C, clear, colorless
form random crystals
Specific Gravity2.93
color White-beige to slightly beige-gray
PH9.91(1 mM solution);9.91(10 mM solution);9.91(100 mM solution);
OdorOdorless
PH Range8
Water Solubility Insoluble
λmaxλ: 260 nm Amax: ≤0.09
λ: 280 nm Amax: ≤0.06
Merck 14,1657
BRN 8008338
Solubility Product Constant (Ksp)pKsp: 8.54
Exposure limitsNIOSH: TWA 10 mg/m3; TWA 5 mg/m3
Stability:Stable. Incompatible with acids, fluorine, ammonium salts, alum.
InChIKeyVTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L
CAS DataBase Reference471-34-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EPA Substance Registry SystemCalcium carbonate (471-34-1)
Safety Information
Hazard Codes Xi
Risk Statements 37/38-41-36/38-36
Safety Statements 26-36/37/39-37/39-37
WGK Germany -
RTECS FF9335000
TSCA Yes
HS Code 28365000
Hazardous Substances Data471-34-1(Hazardous Substances Data)
ToxicityLD50 orally in Rabbit: 6450 mg/kg LD50 dermal Rat > 2000 mg/kg
MSDS Information
ProviderLanguage
Limestone English
SigmaAldrich English
ACROS English
ALFA English
Calcium carbonate Usage And Synthesis
DescriptionCalcium carbonate occurs in nature as limestone in various forms, such as marble, chalk, and coral. It is probably the most widely-used raw material in the chemical industry. It has numerous applications, primarily to produce cement, mortars, plasters, refractories, and glass as building materials. It also is used to produce quicklime, hydrated lime and a number of calcium compounds. It is produced either as powdered or precipitated calcium carbonate. The latter consists of finer particles of greater purity and more uniform size. They also have many important commercial applications. Various grades of precipitated calcium carbonate are used in several products, such as textiles, papers, paints, plastics, adhesives, sealants, and cosmetics.
calcium carbonate block
calcium carbonate block

Chemical PropertiesCalcium carbonate occurs in two forms—hexagonal crystal known as calcite, and orthorhombic form, aragonite. Calcite decomposes on heating at 825°C, aragonite melts at 1,339°C (at 102.5 atm). Density 2.71 g/cm3 (calcite), 2.83 g/cm3 (aragonite); insoluble in water (15mg/L at 25°C); Ksp 4.8x10–9 ; soluble in dilute mineral acids.
Chemical PropertiesCalcium carbonate occurs as an odorless and tasteless white powder or crystals.
Physical propertiesCalcium carbonate has the molecular formula of CaCO3 and the molecular weight of 100.0924 g/mol. It is a common substance found in rock in all parts of the world, and is the main component of the shells of many marine organisms such as snails and conches. It is the main ingredient in eggshells of birds and pearls obtained from oysters.
Calcium carbonate is the active ingredient in "limestone" used as "agricultural lime" and is the principal cause of "hard water" since most subterranean streams used for fresh water come from wells where underground water flows through limestone beds which are eroded due to its passage. Calcium carbonate occurs in nature as limestone in various forms, such as marble, chalk, and coral.
Physical propertiesCalcium carbonate is a naturally occurring compound found in organisms and throughout the earth’s crust. After quartz, calcium carbonate, primarily in the form of calcite, is the most common mineral found in the crust. Geologically, calcium carbonate exists in several mineral forms: calcite, aragonite, and vaterite. Calcite is the most common calcium carbonate mineral, whereas vaterite is a very rare form. The different mineral forms of calcium carbonate are based on their crystalline structure. The form of calcium carbonate depends on the conditions at its formation such as temperature and pressure.
Physical propertiesCalcium carbonate or precipitated chalk has excellent absorption properties. It provides a matte finish and moderate coverage. High levels of this material will cause an undesirable, dry, powdery feel and should be avoided.
OccurrenceCalcium carbonate occurs in nature as limestone in various forms, such as marble, chalk, and coral. It is probably the most widely-used raw material in the chemical industry. It has numerous applications, primarily to produce cement, mortars, plasters, refractories, and glass as building materials. It also is used to produce quicklime, hydrated lime and a number of calcium compounds. It is produced either as powdered or precipitated calcium carbonate. The latter consists of finer particles of greater purity and more uniform size. They also have many important commercial applications. Various grades of precipitated calcium carbonate are used in several products, such as textiles, papers, paints, plastics, adhesives, sealants, and cosmetics.
UsesCalcium carbonate is probably the most widely used raw material in the chemical industry. It has numerous applications, primarily to produce cement, mortars, plasters, refractories, and glass as building materials. It is also used to produce quicklime, hydrated lime and a number of calcium compounds.
UsesMade by adding soluble carbonate to a calcium salt solution. The white powder or crystals are soluble in acid but not in water. Calcium carbonate was used to neutralize gold toning baths and as a fine abrasive added to water and alcohol for cleaning glass plates before they were coated with photographic binders.
UsesHumans primarily use calcium carbonate as a primary source of calcium to combat osteoporosis. Most limestone is used today as construction material. In addition to its use as a construction material, calcium carbonate is also used in numerous industrial processes. Two forms commonly used are ground calcium carbonate (gcc) and precipitated calcium carbonate (pcc).
Calcium carbonate is used widely in papermaking as filler and coating pigment to whiten paper. Calcium carbonate is used in place of more expensive optical brightening agents in paper and as a fill to replace more expensive wood pulp fiber; it also helps control the pH in an alkaline range.
The second most common industrial use of calcium carbonate (after papermaking) representing the largest use of gcc is in the production of plastics. It is used in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), thermoset polyesters, and polyolefins. Calcium carbonate can be used to replace resins that are more expensive. Similar to its use in the paper industry, it is used as an optical brightener and whitening agent. It also is used to increase strength and absorb heat during exothermic processes.
Calcium carbonate is also used in the production of polyethylene and polypropylene. It is an additive to paints and coatings for several purposes including particle size distribution, opacity control, weather resistance, pH control, and anticorrosion. Calcium carbonate is used to buff er acidic soils.
Calcium carbonate has also been used to mitigate the effects of acid precipitation on water bodies. Another environmental application of calcium carbonate is for gas desulfurization in scrubbers used to reduce sulfur emissions from air pollution sources.



UsesCalcium Carbonate is the calcium salt of carbonic acid which is used as an anticaking agent and dough strengthener. it is available in varying particle sizes ranging from coarse to fine powder. it is practically insoluble in water and alcohol, but the presence of any ammonium salt or carbon dioxide increases its solubility while the presence of any alkali hydroxide reduces its solubility. it has a ph of 9–9.5. it is the primary source of lime (calcium oxide) which is made by heating limestone in a furnace. calcium carbonate is used as a filler in baking powder, for calcium enrichment, as a mild buffering agent in doughs, as a source of calcium ions in dry mix desserts, and as a neutralizer in antacids. it is also termed limestone.
Production MethodsCalcium carbonate is obtained from natural limestone deposits. The purified compound, known as precipitated calcium carbonate, is synthesized from limestone. Limestone is calcined to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide in a kiln. The products are recombined after purification. Calcium oxide is hydrated with water to give a slurry called milk of lime, which is then carbonated by bubbling CO2 through it. The reactions involved in the process are as follows:
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
Ca(OH)2+ CO2→CaCO3+ H2O
The crystal sizes required for various commercial applications may be controlled by temperature, pH, concentrations, and mixing rate.
Calcium carbonate also may be precipitated by mixing solutions of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate.



PreparationCalcium carbonate may also be produced by mixing solutions of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate. In some cases, the presence of sodium is objectionable so that the ammonium carbonate salt is preferable.
Definitioncalcium carbonate: A white solid,CaCO3, which is only sparingly solublein water. Calcium carbonatedecomposes on heating to give calciumoxide (quicklime) and carbondioxide. It occurs naturally as theminerals calcite (rhombohedral; r.d.2.71) and aragonite (rhombic; r.d.2.93). Rocks containing calcium carbonatedissolve slowly in acidifiedrainwater (containing dissolved CO2)to cause temporary hardness. In thelaboratory, calcium carbonate is precipitatedfrom limewater by carbondioxide. Calcium carbonate is used inmaking lime (calcium oxide) and isthe main raw material for theSolvay process.
ReactionsCalcium carbonate decomposes to calcium oxide and CO2 on heating. Treatment with dilute mineral acids produces corresponding calcium salts with liberation of CO2:
CaCO3+ 2HCl →CaCl2+ H2O + CO2
In the presence of CO2 it dissolves in water with the formation of bicarbonate:
CaCO3+ H2O + CO2→Ca2++ 2HCO3 ¯
It is reduced to calcium carbide when heated with coke or anthracite in an electric furnace:
2CaCO3+ 5C→(high temperature)→2CaC2+ 3CO2
Brand nameCal-Sup (3M Pharmaceuticals); Children’s Mylanta Upset Stomach Relief (Johnson & Johnson-Merck Consumer); Chooz (Schering- Plough HealthCare); Mylanta Soothing Lozenges (Johnson & Johnson-Merck Consumer).
General DescriptionCalcium Carbonate (CaCO3) is a naturally found material in chalk, limestone, and marble. It is composed of three elements which include carbon, oxygen, and calcium. It is formed by reacting carbon dioxide with slaked or burnt lime. It can be used for a variety of applications ranging from industrial, food to agriculture.
Flammability and ExplosibilityNotclassified
Agricultural UsesCalcium carbonate (CaCO3) is a naturally occurring white solid that is sparingly soluble in water. It is most commonly used to neutralize soil acidity to the required level in a process called liming.
The major sources of calcium carbonate are calcitic limestone, dolomitic limestone, marl, chalk and marble. Calcium carbonate is made by passing carbon dioxide (CO2) into limewater. Pure calcium carbonate is assumed to have a 100% neutralizing value. The values of other liming materials are measured against the neutralizing value of pure calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate, on heating, decomposes to give calcium oxide (quick lime) and carbon dioxide.
Limestone, which consists mainly of calcium carbonate, is called calcitic limestone or high calcium limestone. Limestone containing more than 10% magnesium carbonate is called dolomitic limestone or dolomite. These forms contain about 12% magnesium. Agricultural dolomitic limestone is a fine, grey to white powder of a double carbonate of calcium and magnesium with 12.8% magnesium and 17% calcium. The double carbonate is much less soluble in water than the individual carbonates.
Pharmaceutical ApplicationsCalcium carbonate (CaCO3) can be found in clinical applications such as antacids, but not that an excessive intake can be hazardous.
A variety of calcium salts are used for clinical application, including calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium phosphate, calcium lactate, calcium aspartate and calcium gluconate. Calcium carbonate is the most common and least expensive calcium supplement. It can be difficult to digest and may cause gas in some people because of the reaction of stomach HCl with the carbonate and the subsequent production of CO2.
Calcium carbonate is recommended to be taken with food, and the absorption rate in the intestine depends on the pH levels. Taking magnesium salts with it can help prevent constipation. Calcium carbonate consists of 40% Ca2+, which means that 1000 mg of the salt contains around 400 mg of Ca2+. Often, labels will only indicate the amount of Ca2+ present in each tablet and not the amount of calcium carbonate.
Biochem/physiol ActionsCalcium carbonate is a naturally occurring compound that reduces T4 absorption and enhancess serum thyrotropin levels. It also precludes osteoporosis induced by thyrotropin-suppressive doses of levothyroxine in postmenopausal women. Additionally, it reduces diarrhea in individuals with protease inhibitor-induced HIV-infection.
Clinical Use
Phosphate binding agent

Calcium supplement
SafetyCalcium carbonate is mainly used in oral pharmaceutical formulations and is generally regarded as a nontoxic material. However, calcium carbonate administered orally may cause constipation and flatulence. Consumption of large quantities (4–60 g daily) may also result in hypercalcemia or renal impairment. Therapeutically, oral doses of up to about 1.5 g are employed as an antacid. In the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic renal failure, oral daily doses of 2.5–17 g have been used. Calcium carbonate may interfere with the absorption of other drugs from the gastrointestinal tract if administered concomitantly.
LD50 (rat, oral): 6.45 g/kg
Drug interactionsPotentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Can impair absorption of some drugs, e.g. iron, ciprofloxacin.
MetabolismUnder the influence of gastric acid, any residual carbonate will be converted to carbon dioxide and water. Any unbound calcium not involved in the binding of phosphate will be variable and may be absorbed. Calcium is absorbed mainly from the small intestine by active transport and passive diffusion. About one-third of ingested calcium is absorbed although this can vary depending upon dietary factors and the state of the small intestine. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol), a metabolite of vitamin D, enhances the active phase of absorption. Excess calcium is mainly excreted renally. Unabsorbed calcium is eliminated in the faeces, together with that secreted in the bile and pancreatic juice. Minor amounts are lost in the sweat, skin, hair, and nails.
storageCalcium carbonate is stable and should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry place.
IncompatibilitiesIncompatible with acids and ammonium salts.
Regulatory StatusGRAS listed. Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (buccal chewing gum, oral capsules and tablets; otic solutions; respiratory inhalation solutions). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
Calcium carbonate Preparation Products And Raw materials
Raw materialsAmmonium hydroxide-->Ammonium chloride-->CARBON DIOXIDE-->Calcium hydroxide-->Calcium oxide-->Paraffin wax-->CALCIUM CARBONATE-->METALLURGICAL COKE-->Talc-->SURFACTANT-->Coke (coal)-->Sulfonated castor oil-->Metatitanic acid-->Paste-->Hexanoyl chloride-->Sodium pyruvate-->Cyclone separator-->Sodium stearate-->Coupling agent-->Calcium-->Mini-efficient pulverizer-->Carbonization tower-->Air blower-->PartialFattyAcidEsterofGlycerine-->Jaw crusher-->HARD COKE-->Elevator
Preparation Productsbastnasite-->Calcium formate-->Calcium bromide-->Calcium nitrate-->Flour improver-->Acrylic latex paint for exterior wall-->9-Formyl-8-hydroxy-1,1,7,7-tetramethyljulolidine-->Styrene-acrylic latex paint for exterior wall-->Acrylic latex paint for interior wall-->N-(4,6-DIMETHYLPYRIMIDIN-2-YL)BENZENE-1,4-DIAMINE-->4-(3-BROMOPHENYL)MORPHOLINE-->latex paint-->Strontium sulfate-->Sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate-->Polymyxin B, N-sulfomethyl deriv., sodium salt-->1,2,4-Butanetriol-->D-Cycloserine-->FUCHSIN BASIC-->Acid Orange 33-->Chrom-tin-Pink Stannite Pigment-->DL-Malic acid-->Plastic products-->Interior wall coating-->Direct Black 38-->2-NAPHTHYLAMINE-4,6,8-TRISULFONIC ACID-->Calcium citrate-->Calcium Propionate-->FORTIMICIN-->Calcium nitrate tetrahydrate-->2-hydroxy-4-methylbenzenesulphonic acid-->Disperse Yellow Se-Fl-->Toothpaste-->1-HYDROXY-2-BUTANONE-->Calcium Stearyl-2-Lactylate-->1,3-Diphenylacetone-->Calcium metasilicate-->4,4`-di(a-methylbenzyl)diphenylamine-->CALCIUM GLUCONATE MONOHYDRATE-->Calcium sorbate-->Polysulfide sealant
Calcium phosphate monobasic ACID FUCHSIN CALCIUM SALT Carbonate EC 4.2.1.1 Calcium, carbonate dimethylhexanoate complexes BETA-NAPHTHYL ACID PHOSPHATE, CALCIUM SALT CALCIUM FLUORIDE DENTIFRICE: SODIUM MONOFLUOROPHO-SPHATE-CALCIUM CARBONATE (4.6 OZ) DL-GLYCERIC ACID HEMICALCIUM SALT HYDRATE Calcium alpha-ketovaline CALCIUM CARBONATE (CLINICAL STANDARD) BROMO HEPTAACETYL-D-LACTOSIDE, STABILIZED WITH 4%CALCIUM CARBONATE Calcium folinate 2-KETO-D-GLUCONIC ACID HEMICALCIUM SALT 3-METHYL-2-OXOPENTANOIC ACID CALCIUM CALCIUM CARBONATE (CLINICAL) POLY(BISPHENOL A CARBONATE) MOLYMOD CALCITE PREASSEMBLED MODEL

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