TRH

TRH Basic information
Discovery Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Clinical implications Receptors Biological functions
Product Name:TRH
Synonyms:THR 1-2;THR 2-3;PROTIRELIN;PYROGLU-HIS-PRO AMIDE;PYROGLU-HIS-PRO NH2;PYR-HIS-PRO-NH2(TRH);PYR-HIS-PRO-NH2;PGLU-HIS-PRO-NH2
CAS:24305-27-9
MF:C16H22N6O4
MW:362.38
EINECS:246-143-4
Product Categories:Peptide;THYPINONE
Mol File:24305-27-9.mol
TRH Structure
TRH Chemical Properties
Melting point >143°C (dec.)
alpha -50 (D/25℃) (c=1.5, H2O)-65.5 (D) (c=1.0, H2O)
Boiling point 494°C (rough estimate)
density 1.1675 (rough estimate)
refractive index 1.6000 (estimate)
storage temp. −20°C
solubility H2O: 10 mg/mL, clear, colorless
pka13.05±0.20(Predicted)
form powder
color White to Off-White
PHpH (10g/l, 25℃) : 3.0~4.0
Merck 13,9663
BRN 770238
Stability:Hygroscopic
InChIKeyITYONPBTNRIEBA-SRVKXCTJSA-N
CAS DataBase Reference24305-27-9
Safety Information
Safety Statements 22-24/25
WGK Germany 2
RTECS TW3580000
10-21
MSDS Information
ProviderLanguage
SigmaAldrich English
TRH Usage And Synthesis
DiscoveryTRH was first isolated and characterized in 1969 by Roger Guillemin and Andrew Schally, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1977 “for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain.”The biosynthesis of TRH from a precursor molecule was first clarified in 1984 by isolation of a preproTRH cDNA from the skin of Xenopus laevis.  The structure of the TRH receptor (TRH-R) was first deduced from a cDNA isolated from the mouse pituitary in 1990.
PropertiesMr 362. Soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol; partially insoluble in chloroform; completely insoluble in ether and pyridine. Stable in solution at <15°C for more than a year; partially (1%) degraded at 40°C for 6 months. Resistant to proteolytic enzymes. Inactivated by diazotized sulfanilic acid (Pauly reagent). Plasma half-life is 2–6min.
Synthesis and releaseTRH secretion is regulated by norepinephrine, histamine, dopamine, and serotonin. Cold-induced secretion of TSH from the rat anterior pituitary involves α-adrenergic regulation of TRH secretion. TRH neurons in the PVN are negatively regulated by thyroid hormones through a feedback mechanism. Locally produced T3 is taken by these neurons to regulate transcription, posttranslational modification, and degradation of TRH.
Gene, mRNA, and precursorTRH is synthesized from a precursor that contains multiple copies of the TRH progenitor sequence GlnHis-Pro-Gly, which is flanked by dibasic cleavage sites at its N- and C-termini. The number of progenitor sequences in a precursor is diversified: six in humans, five in rats, four in chicken, seven in frogs, and six to eight in fish. Human preproTRH gene, TRH, location 3q13.3–q21, consists of three exons.
Clinical implicationsThe majority of thyroid disfunction is due to primary thyroid disease. On the other hand, central thyroid disfunction is related to a disorder of the pituitary (TSH), hypothalamus (TRH), or hypothalamic-pituitary portal circulation. Isolated central hypothyroidism was reported in a patient with inactivating mutations in the TRH-R gene.
ReceptorsTRH-R is a seven-transmembrane-domain GPCR. Two major types of TRH-Rs (type I receptor including TRH-R1 and TRH-R3, and type II receptor [TRH-R2]), have been identified in vertebrates . Three and four subtypes of TRH-Rs have been identified in Xenopus laevis and teleost species, respectively. TRH action is mediated via a membrane receptor mainly coupled to Gq/11 protein. TRH induces the mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ and the activation of PKC in target cells.
Biological functionsThe Trh knockout mice show normal development, but exhibit tertiary hypothyroidism and hyperglycemia due to diminished insulin secretion. The Trh knockout mice show defects in cerebellar long-term depression and a motor learning deficit.The Trhr1 knockout mice exhibit central hypothyroidism showing a decrease in serum T3, T4, and PRL levels but not in serum TSH levels. The Trhr1 knockout mice exhibit normal growth and development but displayed increased anxiety and depression levels. The Trhr2 knockout mice are euthyroid with normal serum TSH levels and exhibit normal development and growth. The mutant females exhibited moderately increased depression and reduced anxiety phenotypes.
DescriptionThe first hypothalamic hypophysiotropic neurohormone identified, TRH consists of the tripeptide pGlu-His-ProNH2. It stimulates the secretion ofthyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin (PRL), and growth hormone (GH), and also functions as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator.
Chemical PropertiesWhite or yellowish-white powder, hygroscopic.
UsesThyrotropin-Releasing Hormone is a hypothalamic hypophysiotropic neuropeptide, which has the ability to stimulate the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone in mammals. It is proven that Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone can be used to accelerate wound healing.
Usesprothyrotropin
DefinitionChEBI: Protirelin is a tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is a peptide hormone and a tripeptide.
IndicationsThyrotropin-releasing hormone, or protirelin, consists of three amino acids. TRH (Relefact TRH) is used for tests to distinguish primary from secondary hypothyroidism.
General DescriptionThyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is a tripeptide hypothalamic regulatory hormone, encoded by the gene mapped to human chromosome 3q13.3-q21. TRH is expressed in a variety of organs including central nervous system (CNS) and gastrointestinal tract.
Biochem/physiol ActionsThyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates production and secretion of thyrotropin (TSH) and prolactin from the anterior pituitary. It also plays a vital role as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator.
Clinical UseTRH (200–500μg) administered intravenously to normal subjects causes a rise in TSH levels within 15–30min, resulting in an increase in T3 levels within 90–150min. In primary hypothyroidism, TSH hyperresponse to TRH occurs, with a typical elevation in the basal TSH levels. In secondary (pituitary) hypothyroidism, an impaired TSH response to TRH occurs, whereas in tertiary (hypothalamic) hypothyroidism normal or increased TSH response to TRH occurs. Protirelin is used to test the response of the anterior pituitary to TRH in people who may have medical conditions of thyroid function, including hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease, and hypothyroidism. In addition, TRH has been used to assess the ability of the prolactin secretion in the pituitary.
TRH Preparation Products And Raw materials
5-OXOPYRROLIDINE-2-CARBOXAMIDE OTAVA-BB 7020692747 TRH 5-METHYL-2-PYRROLIDONE H-GLY-HIS-GLY-OH ALA-ALA-ALA 2-(dipropylamino)acetic acid 1-Butylpyrrolidine (S)-5-AMINOMETHYL-PYRROLIDIN-2-ONE AC-DL-PRO-OH THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE [PRO 3,4-3H] H-PRO-GLY-GLY-OH ANOREXIGENIC PEPTIDE L-Alanyl-L-proline 1-ACETYL-2-PYRROLIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID HYDRATE H-GLY-GLY-SAR-OH H-PRO-HIS-GLY-OH N-ACETYL-L-HISTIDINE METHYL AMIDE

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