Ferulic Acid

Ferulic Acid Basic information
Plant sources Physical and Chemical Properties History Lipid-Lowering effect Antimicrobial effect Food Industry Applications Pharmacological effects Synthetic method Uses
Product Name:Ferulic Acid
Synonyms:3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-Propenoic acid 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid;AKOS BBS-00006472;3-METHOXY-4-HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACID;4-HYDROXY-3-METHOXYCINNAMIC ACID;OTAVA-BB BB7016261120;TIMTEC-BB SBB000326;RARECHEM BK HW 0087;3-(4-HYDROXY-3-METHOXYPHENYL)ACRYLIC ACID
CAS:1135-24-6
MF:C10H10O4
MW:194.18
EINECS:214-490-0
Product Categories:chemical reagent;pharmaceutical intermediate;Herb extract;phytochemical;reference standards from Chinese medicinal herbs (TCM).;standardized herbal extract;FINE Chemical & INTERMEDIATES;Aromatic Cinnamic Acids, Esters and Derivatives;Aromatics;natural product;Inhibitors;bc0001;1135-24-6
Mol File:1135-24-6.mol
Ferulic Acid Structure
Ferulic Acid Chemical Properties
Melting point 168-172 °C(lit.)
Boiling point 250.62°C (rough estimate)
density 1.316(20.0000℃)
vapor pressure 0Pa at 25℃
refractive index 1.5168 (estimate)
storage temp. 2-8°C
solubility DMSO (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
pka4.58±0.10(Predicted)
form powder
color slightly yellow
Water Solubility soluble
InChIKeyKSEBMYQBYZTDHS-HWKANZROSA-N
LogP1.51
CAS DataBase Reference1135-24-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry ReferenceCinnamic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-(1135-24-6)
EPA Substance Registry SystemFerulic acid (1135-24-6)
Safety Information
Hazard Codes Xi
Risk Statements 36/37/38
Safety Statements 26-36-37/39
WGK Germany 3
RTECS UD3365500
HazardClass IRRITANT
HS Code 29162090
Hazardous Substances Data1135-24-6(Hazardous Substances Data)
Toxicitymouse,LD,intraperitoneal,> 350mg/kg (350mg/kg),BEHAVIORAL: CHANGES IN MOTOR ACTIVITY (SPECIFIC ASSAY)BEHAVIORAL: ATAXIABEHAVIORAL: REGIDITY,Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Vol. 49, Pg. 77, 1987.
MSDS Information
ProviderLanguage
3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acrylic acid English
SigmaAldrich English
ACROS English
ALFA English
Ferulic Acid Usage And Synthesis
Plant sourcesFerulic acid is a kind of phenolic acid extracted from the resin of ferula asafetida. Ferula asafetida is a kind of Umbelliferae perennial herb with a strong garlic smell and living in sandy areas. It is mainly produced in Xinjiang. During the nascent stage, there are only root leaves. At 5 years, scape emerges. The scape is very strong with its height being up to two meters. At end spring and early summer (flowering stage to early fruit stage), apply slanting cut from the upper position down to the bottom separately, collect oozing milky resin, dry it. Ferula asafetida contains volatile oils, gums and resins with oil containing various kinds of organic acids such as (R)-sec-butyl-1-propenyl disulfide, 1(1-methylthio-propyl) 1-propenyl disulfide, sec-butyl 3-methylthio-allyl-disulfide. Resin containing ferulic acid and its related esters.
 Resina Ferulae
Figure 1 is Resina Ferulae

Physical and Chemical PropertiesFerulic acid is an aromatic acid widely being presented in plant kingdom and is the components of suberin. It amount is very small presented in plants in its free state but with its main form in forming bound state with oligosaccharides, polyamines, lipids and polysaccharides. It has many health functions, such as free radical scavenging, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, prevention and treatment of hypertension, heart disease, and enhanced sperm activity and so on. Ferulic acid has a low toxicity and is easy for being metabolized by human. It can be used as a food preservative and has a wide range of applications in the field of food and medication.
The above information is edited by the chemicalbook of Yan Yanyong.
HistoryFerulic acid is a derivative of cinnamic acid with molecular formula C10H10O4. In 1886, Hlasiwetz Barth, an Austrian, isolated 3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid from the genus Ferula foetida for structure determination. Ferulic acid together with dihydroferulic acid, is a component of lignocelluloses, conferring cell wall rigidity by cross linking lignin and polysaccharides. It is commonly found in seeds of plant such as rice, wheat and oats. Besides, Ferulic Acid exhibited biochemical role in the inhibition of seed germination, inhibition of indole-acetic acid and enzyme, inhibition of decarboxylation activity & other protective effect on micro-organisms and pets.
The syntheis of Ferulic acid was established by Dutt in 1935 when ferulic acid was used as a precursor in the manufacturing of vanillin and malonic acid. There are vast numbers of studies documented on the bio-medical properties of ferulic acid such as antioxidant activity, UV-absorbing capacity & its effect of lignin as precursor in plants metabolic pathway. Ferulic acid, being highly abundant, is indeed difficult to synthesize, Oryza Oil & Fat Chemical has successfully developed an efficient method to extract ferulic acid from rice bran and suitable for applications in the health and beauty arena.
Lipid-Lowering effectFerulic acid can competitively inhibit the liver mevalonate-5-pyrophosphate dehydrogenase activity, inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol in the liver, so as to achieve the purpose of lowering blood pressure.
Antimicrobial effectFerulic acid exhibits a broader anti-bacterial spectrum. It has been found that ferulic acid is able to inhibit pathogenic bacteria such as Shigella sonnei, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 11 kinds of microorganisms which causing food corruption.
Food Industry ApplicationsIn addition to its wide application in medicine, ferulic acid has been approved by some countries to be as a food additive. Japan has approved it to be used in food antioxidants while the United States and some European countries have allowed for adopting some kinds of herbs, coffee, beans with relative high amount of ferulic acid for being antioxidant. Ferulic acid, in the food industry, is mainly used for the preparation of natural vanillin, antioxidants, preservatives, cross-linkers and functional promoting agent. The information is edited by Xiaonan from Chemicalbook.
Pharmacological effectsFerulic acid has various effects of inhibiting platelet aggregation, expectorant, and inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and so on. Clinically ferulic acid is mainly applied to the adjuvant treatment of various kinds of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular, renal disease, pulmonary hypertension, diabetic vascular disease, and vasculitis as well as neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. It can be used for treating migraine and vascular headache. As a leukocyte-enhancement drug, this drug also has enhanced hematopoietic function. Therefore, ferulic acid may also be for the treatment of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia.
Reference: Xu Jingfeng, Yang Ming (editor) Handbook of clinical prescription drugs. Nanjing: Jiangsu Science and Technology Press .2009 on page 561.
Synthetic methodFerulic acid can be obtained through chemical synthesis and extraction. Laboratory dissolves the vanillin, malonic acid and piperidine in pyridine for reaction of three weeks after which with hydrochloric acid precipitation, you can obtain ferulic acid.
 laboratory synthesis roadmap of ferulic acid
Figure 2 laboratory synthesis roadmap of ferulic acid

UsesIt can be used as a food preservative and a kind of organic chemicals.
It can be used as the intermediates of cinametic acid. It can also be used as food preservative.
It can also be applied to biochemical studies

DescriptionFerulic acid is widely found in plants, especially in artichoke, eggplant and corn bran. In addition, it is also present in a variety of Chinese herbal medicines, such as angelica, dome, motherwort, snow ganoderma lucidum and so on.
Chemical PropertiesFerulic acid is a pale yellow solid, It belongs to the family of hydroxycinnamic acids. It is an abundant phenolic phytochemical found in plant cell wall components. Natural sources of ferulic acid are leaves and seeds of many plants, such as cereals, coffee, apples, artichokes, peanuts, oranges, pineapples and wine.
Physical propertiesAppearance: light yellow crystalline powder. Solubility: slightly soluble in cold water; soluble in hot water, with poor stability in aqueous solution; easily decomposed when encounter light; soluble in ethanol and ethyl acetate; slightly soluble in ether; insoluble in benzene and petroleum ether. Melting point: 170–173?°C.
HistoryFerulic acid was first isolated from the medicinal plants ferulic in 1866. The biologi_x005fcal activity of ferulic acid was not revealed until 1957 when the pioneering study of Preziosi P in Italy showed for the first time the efficacy of ferulic acid in regulating blood lipids and diuretic . In 1979, Lin Mao and others isolated ferulic acid from the Chinese medicine angelica and reported that ferulic acid had the inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation . Since then, more and more medicinal efficacy of ferulic acid has gradually been recognized.
UsesWidely distributed in small amounts in plants. Used as an antioxidant and food preservative
Usesantineoplastic, choleretic, food preservative
Usesanti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, sunscreen enhancer
Usesferulic acid is a plant-derived anti-oxidant and free-radical scavenger, it protects the skin against uVB-induced redness. When incorporated into formulas with ascorbic acid and tocopherol, ferulic acid can improve their stability and double the photoprotection capacities offered by the formulation. In clinical studies, ferulic acid exhibits good permeation capacities through the stratum corneum, which can be attributed to its lipophilic properties.
DefinitionA plant growth inhibitor.
IndicationsThis product is mainly used for the treatment of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease and ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
Biotechnological ProductionThere are three different natural sources for ferulic acid. It could be produced from low-molecular-weight ferulic conjugates. For example, ferulic acid has been isolated from the waste material of rice bran oil production by hydrolyzing with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide at 90–100 C. Ferulic acid with a purity of 70–90 % was produced within 8 h under atmospheric pressure Another possibility is a direct extraction of ferulic acid from plant cell walls by using feruloyl esterases. Various microorganism are able to secrete feruloyl esterases (e.g. A. niger, Bacillus species and Clostridium thermocellum). The enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar-beet pulp has been analyzed using a mixture of carbohydrases from Aspergillus aculeatus with a final ferulic acid concentration of 200 mg.L-1 in the hydrolyzate. Moreover, a purification method to isolate ferulic acid from sugar-beet pulp after enzymatic hydrolysis using a fixed-bed adsorption with activated carbon has been developed. With this process, a purity of 50 % has been achieved. Finally, ferulic acid could be produced by cell culture fermentations. For example, free ferulic acid (up to 50 mg.L-1) and also conjugated to anthocyanins (up to 150 mg.L-1) has been accumulated in cell cultures of Ajuga pyramidalis.
PharmacologyOrally administered ferulic acid completely prevents the formation of skin tumors, reverts the status of phase I and phase II detoxication agents, lipid peroxidaton byproducts and antioxidants to near-normal ranges in 7,12-DMBA-treated mice (Alias et al., 2009). The observation demonstrate that orally administered ferulic acid has potent suppressive effects on cell proliferation during DMBA-induced skin carcinogenesis.
Ferulic acid also has the capacity to prevent UV-induced damage to cells. Ferulic acid is often added as an ingredient to anti-aging supplements. When ferulic acid was incorporated into a formulation of α-tocopherol and/or ascorbic acid, the topical delivery of the vitamins was improved. There was enhanced chemical stability and the photoprotection to solar-simulated irradiation doubled (Lin et al., 2005; Cassano et al., 2009). For example, Murray et al. (2008) applied a stable topical formulation (containing 1% α-tocopherol, 15% L-ascorbic acid, and 0.5% ferulic acid) to normalappearing human skin and a pig skin model. These were then irradiated with solar-simulated UV. The results showed the complex of antioxidants provided substantial UV photoprotection against erythema, sunburnt cells, thymine dimmers, p53 as well as UV-induced cytokine formation including IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10, and TNF-α (Murray et al., 2008).
Clinical UseAt present, there are sodium ferulate tablets and ferulic acid injection used in clinic. Sodium ferulate tablets are mainly used for the adjuvant therapy of atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, glomerular disease, pulmonary hypertension, diabetic vascular disease, vasculitis and other vascular disorders. Ferulic acid can also be used for the treatment of migraine headache and vascular headache. Ferulic acid injection is mainly used for the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. In addition, sodium ferulate combined with atorvastatin can be used for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and chronic glomerulonephritis in clinic .
Ferulic acid is also used in combination with other drugs to treat other diseases.
Purification MethodsCrystallise ferulic acid from H2O. [Beilstein 10 H 436, 10 IV 1776.]
Caffeic acid Cinnamic acid 3-Hydroxycinnamic acid 4-HYDROXY-3-METHOXYCINNAMIC ACID SODIUM SALT 3,4-Dimethoxycinnamonitrile Ethyl 2-(Chlorosulfonyl)acetate Ascoric Acid Octyl 4-methoxycinnamate Methoxy Folic acid 2-Ethylhexyl ferulate Acrylic acid trans-Cinnamic acid HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACID 2-HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACID 4-Methoxycinnamic acid CHLOROPHOSPHONAZO III Ethyl ferulate~Ferulic acid ethyl ester~4-Hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid ethyl ester,4-HYDROXY-3-METHOXYCINNAMIC ACID ETHYL ESTER

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