Sodium Stibogluconate

Sodium Stibogluconate Basic information
Product Name:Sodium Stibogluconate
Synonyms:SODIUM STIBOGLUCONATE;SSG;NASB;NASBV;d-gluconicacid,2,4:2’,4’-o-(oxydistibylidyne)bis-,sb,sb’-dioxide,trisodium;d-gluconicacid,cyclicesterwithantimonicacid(h8sb2o9)(2:1),trisodium;estibogluconatosodico;myostibin
CAS:16037-91-5
MF:C12H37Na3O27Sb2
MW:925.9
EINECS:
Product Categories:
Mol File:16037-91-5.mol
Sodium Stibogluconate Structure
Sodium Stibogluconate Chemical Properties
Melting point >250°C (dec,)
storage temp. 2-8°C
solubility H2O: 1 mg/mL at ~75 °C
form solid
color pale yellow
Stability:Hygroscopic
InChIKeyVJCZMGLJTJZFEN-ZYPIZMQFSA-K
CAS DataBase Reference16037-91-5
Safety Information
Hazard Codes Xn,N
Risk Statements 20/22-51/53
Safety Statements 61
RIDADR 3282
WGK Germany 3
RTECS CC7930000
HazardClass 6.1(b)
PackingGroup III
ToxicityLD50 ipr-mus: 33 mg/kg CLDND* 11,155,49
MSDS Information
Sodium Stibogluconate Usage And Synthesis
DescriptionSodium stibogluconate is a pentavalent antimony derivative that is highly active against Leishmania amastigotes in macrophages. Sodium stibogluconate has diverse effects on both this intracellular parasite and its host cell.
UsesSodium Stibogluconate is an intermediate used to prepare Dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines as a new class of antileishmanial agents.
UsesSodium stibogluconate is a pentavalent antimony derivative that is highly active against Leishmania amastigotes in macrophages. Sodium stibogluconate has diverse effects on both this intracellular parasite and its host cell.
Antimicrobial activityIt has low activity against the extracellular promastigote stage of Leishmania spp. in vitro, but is active against amastigotes in macrophages. The trivalent form is considered to be the toxophore, with metabolism of SbV to toxic SbIII in the host cell macrophage and the parasite; the level of metabolism is higher in amastigotes than promastigotes. Variation in the sensitivity of different Leishmania species may contribute to differences in clinical response. It is more active against visceral than cutaneous leishmaniasis in animal models. Sodium stibogluconate cures CNS infections with T. brucei in rodents.
Acquired resistanceUnresponsiveness and relapse of L. donovani infections in Bihar State, India (over 60% of cases), is due to increasing acquired resistance. In laboratory-generated and clinical isolates, resistant Leishmania promastigotes show increased levels of intracellular thiols, for example trypanothione, to which SbIII is conjugated and extruded by efflux pumps.
Lack of response is also reported in patients with mucosal leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis. Relapse is common in patients with visceral leishmaniasis who are immunosuppressed, for example by HIV infection, but this is due to pathogen interaction and the immune dependence of drug activity and not acquired resistance. High mortality has been reported in treatment of these co-infection cases.
Pharmaceutical ApplicationsA pentavalent antimonial of uncertain chemical composition; probably a complex mixture of polymeric forms. There is batchto- batch variation and solutions may contain 32–34% pentavalent antimony (SbV). The structural formula is conjectural as studies have identified a mixture of non-complexed SbV and large polymeric gluconate complexes. Chemical composition also depends on concentration and time. It is freely soluble in water.
PharmacokineticsPeak concentrations of about 12–15 mg antimony/L are achieved in serum 1 h after a dose of 10 mg/kg. There is a slow accumulation in the central compartment, and tissue concentrations reach a maximum after several days. In contrast to trivalent derivatives, pentavalent antimonials are not accumulated by erythrocytes, but there is evidence of protein binding. Antimony is detected in the skin for at least 5 days after treatment. Some of the dose of SbV is converted to SbIII, possibly by the liver or by macrophages. It is rapidly excreted into urine with a half-life of about 2 h; 60–80% of the dose appears in the urine within 6 h of parenteral administration. In a study on structurally related meglumine antimonate the pharmacokinetics of SbV and SbIII were similar as measured by serum and urine levels.
Clinical UseSodium antimony gluconate (Pentostam) is a pentavalent antimonialcompound intended primarily for the treatment ofvarious forms of leishmaniasis. It is available from the CDCas the disodium salt, which is chemically stable and freelysoluble in water. The 10% aqueous solution used for eitherintramuscular or intravenous injection has a pH of approximately5.5. Like all antimonial drugs, this drug has a lowtherapeutic index, and patients undergoing therapy with itshould be monitored carefully for signs of heavy metal poisoning.Other organic antimonial compounds are used primarilyfor the treatment of schistosomiasis and other flukes.The antileishmanial action of sodium stibogluconate requiresits reduction to the trivalent form, which is believedto inhibit phosphofructokinase in the parasite.
Clinical UseVisceral, cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
The combination with paromomycin has been used in unresponsive cases and in relapses of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Side effectsThe toxic effects are limited by the rapid excretion, but cumulative toxicity increases in proportion to dose. Myalgia, arthralgia, anorexia and electrocardiographic changes have been reported with high-dose regimens. In particular, development of ventricular tachyarrhythmias associated with prolongation of the QT interval has been recorded. Hepatocellular damage, hepatic and renal functional impairment and pancreatitis have also been reported. The changes are reversible on discontinuation of treatment.
Safety ProfilePoison by intraperitoneal route. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Sb.
Veterinary Drugs and TreatmentsSodium stibogluconate is used for the treatment of leishmaniasis in dogs.
Drug interactionsotentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
P Antifungals: possible increased risk of arrhythmias with amphotericin - give 14 days apart.
MetabolismNo data on possible metabolic pathways.
Elimination occurs in two phases; a rapid initial phase, in which the majority of a dose is excreted via the kidneys within 12 hours, and a slower phase, possibly reflecting reduction to trivalent antimony.
Sodium Stibogluconate Preparation Products And Raw materials
Raw materialsHydrogen peroxide-->Calcium gluconate-->Antimony trichloride-->Sodium gluconate
Testosterone propionate 6-Mercaptopurine Azathioprine Ethanol Lobeline ANTIMONY SODIUM TARTRATE Retinoic acid CARBON DIOXIDE Lithium carbonate Urea Succinylcholine Chloride Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate Sodium gluconate Aluminum hydroxide Sodium Stibogluconate D-(+)-ALLOSE RIBONIC ACID

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